QUADRATIC SINGLE AND MULTI-COMMODITY MODELS OF SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM: A SIMPLIFIED EXPOSITION

This paper presents a somewhat simplified exposition of quadratic single and multi-commodity models of spatial equilibrium. The intent is to facilitate their understanding by students and researchers. A graphical model is presented which illustrates the necessary conditions for spatial equilibrium. Then single commodity programming models with, first, quantities and, subsequently, prices in the decision domain are constructed. The equivalence of the graphical and programming models, as well as application of the necessary conditions as constraints in the programming models, are ilustrated. Finally, a multi-commodity model with asymetric demand and supply coefficients is constructed as a primal-dual formation in which the constraints are the necessary conditions for spatial equilibrium.
Cet exposé présnte une interprétation assez simplifiée de modéles quadratiques d'équilibre spatial à produits individuels et multiples. Son dessein est de faciliter aux étudiants et aux rechercheurs leur compréhension de ces modèles. Un modèle graphique qui montre les conditions nécessaires à I'équilibre spatial est présenté. Ensuite, des modèles de programmation à produits individuels sont construits avec, premièrement, des quantités dans le domaine de la prise des décisions et, par la suite, avec des prix dans ce mème domaine. L'équivalence des modèles graphiques et des modèles de programmation, aussi bien que l'application des conditions nécessaires comme contraintes dans les modèles de programmation, y sont illustrés. Enfin, un modél à produits multiples, avec coefficient asymétriques de demande et d'offre, est construit comme formulation unique/double dans laquelle les contraintes sont les conditions nécessaires à l'équilibre spatial.     

DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARMERS AND LANDLESS IN INDIA*

The small farmers and landless in India are faced with the vicious cycle of low incomes, low savings, low investment and uneconomic size of operational holdings and often are nonviable. Using data for the Haryana State of Northern India for 1977/78, the linear discriminant function was used to identify those factors which will make the majority of small farmers and landless in India a viable entity. Analysis of these data indicated that per hectare fertiliser use, area under high yielding crop varieties, operational size of holding and working capital are the factors which affect the viability of the small farmers and landless. As compared to the simple regression analysis discriminant function approach has been found an effective tool for discriminating the two social groups and for predicting the sponsored social change. However, the use of the discriminant function may be limited if the qualitative independent variable has more than two classes and its orderings are not in sequence.     

AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Today the land economists of yore have either gone to their reward or else been transmuted into resource economists who, with a few exceptions, spend their time in airy disputations about externalities, shadow prices and the choice of appropriate discount rates to be applied to future benefits (Campbell 1982, p. 9).     

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE (REVISITED): A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND SOME EMPIRICAL RESULTS

This paper explores the methodology of sectoral productivity growth measurement within the framework of input-output analysis. A method which ensures that sectoral productivity growth rates are consistent with productivity growth rates for the economy as a whole (as well as allowing for external trade) is suggested. New estimates are presented on total factor productivity in UK agriculture using a Tornqvist index procedure. In addition, new estimates of agricultural labour productivity growth are presented, taking account not only of labour employed in agriculture but also of labour employed in ancillary industries on the supply side. The empirical results confirm that part of the labour previously employed on farms has shifted “upstream” to industries providing agriculture with fertilises, machinery and other inputs.     

Technical Efficiency and Farmers' Attitudes toward Technological Innovation: The Case of the Potato Farmers in Quebec

The research reported in this paper uses a deterministic statistical frontier production function to estimate the Quebec potato farmers' technical efficiency. Also, the relationship between technical efficiency and conservation technologies adoption is estimated. Results show that the average potato farm is 80% efficient, implying that some improvements in technical efficiency are still possible. In addition, farming experience and the adoption of conservation technologies are both significant variables for improving technical efficiency. Furthermore, efficient farmers are more likely than others to invest in conservation practices.
Cette recherche utilise une fonction de production frontière déterministe pour: i) estimer I'efficacité technique des producteurs de pommes de terre du Quebec et ii) établir la relation entre cette efficacité et la velléité des producteurs à adopter des technologies et des pratiques culturales conservatrices de l'environnement. Les résultats montrent qu'en moyenne, les producteurs de pommes de terre du Québec sont efficace à 80%. Ceci signifie qu'une amélioration du niveau d'efficacité technique demeurepossible. De plus, I'expérience agricole et I'adoption de technologies conservatrices de I'environnement se sont avérées des variables significatives pour expliquer les différences des niveaux d'efficacité technique des fermes. Par ailleurs, les fermiers efficaces semblent plus portés que les autres à investir dans technologies et des pratiques culturales conservatrices de I'environnement.     

Evaluating Alternative Mortgage Instruments for Low-equity Ontario Dairy Farms

The current debt repayment problems facing many farmers have led to requests for changes in farm financing mechanisms for the sector. Two such debt repayment instruments, namely the shared risk mortgage and commodity-based loan mortgage, were recently introduced by the Farm Credit Corporation. This study is a comparative evaluation of their potential to adjust the cash flow repayment requirements of these mortgages, compared with a floating-interest-rate conventional mortgage, using an average Ontario dairy farm as a case study. The results of the analysis show that the changes in the mortgage interest and principal repayment conditions improved the cash flow positions of the farms relative to the conventional mortgage. The study thus concludes that the changed mortgages offer some prospect for improving farm net cash flows when interest rate levels are reduced at least for a short period and when fluctuations in interest rates are limited. However, the major impact of these changes in mortgage conditions is related to this level of interest rate charged, and other methods of reducing or delaying interest charges on farm mortgages may be equally successful in improving net cash flows of farmers with relatively large debts. Les problèmes financiers dont font face actuellement les producteurs agricoles ont amenés une remise en cause des mécanismes de financement du secteur agricole. Deux instruments de paiement de la dette, l'hypothèque à risque partagé (SRM) et le prêt basé sur les prix (CBLM), ont été récemment introduits par la Société du Crédit Agricole. Cette étude évalue le potentiel de ces deux instruments à ajuster les remboursements requis, comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle à taux d'intérêt variable, en utilisant comme étude de cas, une ferme laitière moyenne type de l'Ontario. Les résultats de l'analyse montrent que les changements dans le remboursement en capital et intérêt améliorent la position de cashflow des fennes comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle. L'étude conclue que les deux nouveaux instruments étudiés offrent des espoirs d'amélioration des cashflows nets des fermes lorsque le niveau des taux d'intréêts est réduit pour au moins une courte période et que les fluctuations de ceux-ci sont limitées. Cependant, l'impact majeur des changements dans les conditions de l'hypothèque est relié au niveau du taux d'intérêt demandé et d'autres méthodes de réduction ou de retarement des frais d'intérêts sur les hypothèques agricoles peuvent être également bénéfique dans l'amélioration du cashflow net des producteurs relativement endettés.     

A NOTE ON VICTORIAN WHEAT YIELD DISTRIBUTIONS

An analysis of wheat yield series from ten localities in Victoria was undertaken to investigate for independence of observations and to test for normality of the distributions. The conclusion was reached that Victorian wheat yield series are composed of random observations and form frequency distributions which display slight negative skewness. The situation may be different for other crops or for wheat in other areas.