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191.
Robin Shields 《Telecommunications Policy》2009,33(3-4):207-214
This paper examines information access in Nepal, its current limitations, and opportunities for expansion, particularly in rural areas. It argues that government policies and the regulatory environment have failed to create the competition necessary for rapid expansion of information access through information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, restrictive approaches to licensing and exorbitant fees have hindered the ability of civil society organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to provide information access at the local level. This has resulted in very limited access to information outside a few urban centers and created some of the world's highest access costs in one of its poorest countries. To successfully address this situation, the newly installed republican government will need to create an environment that promotes competition in less lucrative rural markets while negotiating the demands of existing license holders. 相似文献
192.
The unrestricted international flow of genetic resources from international genebank collections is the source of perhaps one of the greatest impacts of international agricultural research. This paper examines the distribution across countries in Latin America of benefits generated from bean genetic resources held by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). The genealogies of commercial bean cultivars released since 1976, containing materials from the collection, are analysed to calculate for each country the source of the genetic resources used. All countries in the region are shown to be heavily dependent on imported genetic resources for their commercial cultivars. From the available information on the economic impact of these improved bean varieties, the share of economic productivity benefits associated with imported germplasm by country of origin is calculated. The benefits received by each country from improved bean germplasm are compared with the contribution of that country's germplasm to other countries. Some of the patterns in the flow and use of genetic resources are analysed. 相似文献
193.
The landscape has long been an important object of rural policy, particularly in terms of protecting scenic areas. Increasingly, however, landscape is seen as a multifunctional and holistic entity, which provides a framework for the governance and interdisciplinary study of spatial units. A central dilemma in the maintenance of cultural landscapes is that the historical practices which produced them are often obsolete, and new social and economic forces may fail to reproduce their valued properties. Sustainable development strategies therefore seek to instil ‘virtuous’ circles in cultural landscapes, linking society and economy to environmental service functions and land uses, in order to generate mutually reinforcing feedback loops resulting in socially preferred outcomes. We explore ways of investigating these linkages as a basis for future rural research and policy. We conceptualise cultural landscapes as ‘socio‐ecological systems’ (SESs), and consider their capacity for resilience and stability. Noting that resilient systems are characterised, not by simple equilibria, but by ‘basins of attraction’, we argue the need to understand the ways in which SESs stabilise within a particular basin, or move to an alternative. In particular, we reflect on the dynamics of ‘adaptive cycles’ that may lead to changes in system state. Finally, we discuss the development of appropriate models as tools for investigating whether a landscape is trending towards stability within a ‘vicious’ or a ‘virtuous’ circle, and evaluating potential interventions to alter this trajectory. 相似文献
194.
T. Kesavan Zuhair A. Hassan Helen H. Jensen Stanley R. Johnson 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》1993,41(2):139-153
Empirical analysis, based on a general dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System, shows the commonly used autoregressive and partial adjustment processes are restrictive to meat demand data. This study derives a linear specification in levels form to investigate dynamics in a general framework. Merging a long-run steady state structure with short-run dynamics results in consistent and robust long-run demand elasticities Une analyse empirique, basée sur un systéme dynamique général de demande quasi optimale, montre que les mécanismes courants d'ajustement autorégressif et d'ajustement partiel ont un effect restrictif sur l'évaluation des données de la demande de viande. Les auteurs proposent une spécifcation linéaire par niveaux pour examiner la dynamique du cadre général. La combinaison d'une structure stable de longue durée avec une dynamique de courte période a produit des élasticités cohérentes et solides de la demande à long terme 相似文献
195.
After working with hundreds of leaders in a wide variety of organizations and in countries all over the globe, the authors found one very clear pattern: When it comes to meeting their leadership potential, many people unintentionally get in their own way. Five barriers in particular tend to keep promising managers from becoming exceptional leaders: People overemphasize personal goals, protect their public image, turn their competitors into two-dimensional enemies, go it alone instead of soliciting support and advice, and wait for permission to lead. Troy, a customer service manager, endangered his job and his company's reputation by focusing on protecting his position, not helping his team; when a trusted friend advised him to change his behavior, the results were striking. Anita's insistence on sticking to the tough personal she'd created for herself caused her to ignore the more intuitive part of the leadership equation, with disastrous results--until she let go of the need to appear invulnerable and reached out to another manager. Jon, a personal trainer who had virtually no experience with either youth development programs or urban life, opened a highly successful gym for inner-city kids at risk; he refused to be daunted by his lack of expertise and decided to simply "go for it." As these and other examples from the authors' research demonstrate, being a leader means making an active decision to lead. Only then will the workforce--and society--benefit from the enormous amount of talent currently sitting on the bench. 相似文献
196.
Chia-Ching Chang Sheng-Syan Chen Robin K. Chou Chin-Wen Hsin 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2011,36(3):355-390
The main purpose of this paper is to study the intraday return spillovers and their real time variations amongst selected
technology stocks. Based upon randomly selected technology stocks in terms of multilateral analysis, we find the following
evidence. Firstly, we find that positive spillover effects are discernible amongst medium- and large-sized stocks, with the
effects being directionally asymmetric between different size groups. Secondly, we find that for most stocks, the full effects
of the firm-specific shocks over other stocks are realized within approximately 30 min to 2 h. Finally, we show that the spillover
effects tend to follow an M-shaped intraday pattern. Our results suggest that during the opening and closing sessions, trades
motivated by information spilled over from other firms are relatively subordinated, with the trading at these times being
largely dominated by those based upon common market factor or firm-specific fundamental information. 相似文献
197.
198.
Understanding the effects of operational conditions and practices on productive efficiency can provide valuable economic and
managerial insights. The conventional approach is to use a two-stage method where the efficiency estimates are regressed on
contextual variables representing the operational conditions. The main problem of the two-stage approach is that it ignores
the correlations between inputs and contextual variables. To address this shortcoming, we build on the recently developed
regression interpretation of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to develop a new one-stage semi-nonparametric estimator that
combines the nonparametric DEA-style frontier with a regression model of the contextual variables. The new method is referred
to as stochastic semi-nonparametric envelopment of z variables data (StoNEZD). The StoNEZD estimator for the contextual variables is shown to be statistically consistent under
less restrictive assumptions than those required by the two-stage DEA estimator. Further, the StoNEZD estimator is shown to
be unbiased, asymptotically efficient, asymptotically normally distributed, and converge at the standard parametric rate of
order n
−1/2. Therefore, the conventional methods of statistical testing and confidence intervals apply for asymptotic inference. Finite
sample performance of the proposed estimators is examined through Monte Carlo simulations. 相似文献
199.
This study examines the ability of exchange rate changes to aid in the explanation and prediction of the geographic segment earnings of U.S.-based multinational corporations. In order to evaluate the potential usefulness of geographic segment earnings disclosures, it is important to understand the effect that currency changes should be expected to have on these earnings. Two types of exchange rate effects are examined. These include the mechanical translation effects of an exchange rate change, as well as the operating effects. A sample of geographic segment earnings disclosures is developed for two geographic locations (Canada and Europe) and six industries in which adequate country-industry specific subsamples can be identified. Because the factors that impact exchange rate exposure tend to depend on country, industry, or both, provision is made for country, industry, and country-industry specific sensitivity to currency changes. Regressions and nonparametric analyses are performed to determine whether exchange rate changes can help explain the geographic segment earnings within these samples. Results indicate that the accounting-based translation effect that is typically modeled as the impact of exchange rate changes on earnings does not adequately capture the effect of exchange rate changes on segment earnings. Operating effects of past and current exchange rate changes do help explain earnings for geographic segments located in Europe and in four industries. Prediction models which are country or country-industry specific are able to outperform a random-walk prediction of geographic segment earnings in some circumstances. 相似文献
200.
Dana J. Johnson Jan M. Serrano G. Rodney Thompson 《The Journal of Financial Research》1996,19(1):91-103
Significant negative valuation effects are widely acknowledged for firms announcing seasoned equity offerings. This result is consistent with theoretical models linking new equity issues to increased adverse-selection costs, lower management ownership in the firm, misuse of free cash flow, or expectations for earnings declines. Also increasingly evident, insiders trade around corporate announcements. We test the hypothesis that insider trading and announcements of new equity issues serve as joint signals in the market's evaluation of prospective capital investment projects. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that insider trading is related to market reaction to announcements of new equity issues. 相似文献