Les subventions des taux d'intérêt et le prix de la terre agricole au Québec

Cet article analyse les variables influençant le prix de la terre agricole au Québec et analyse, plus spécifiquement, l'impact des taux d'intérêt sur emprunt puisque ce dernier est subventionné au Québec. On propose un modèle tenant compte de l'activité agricole et de l'activité non agricole. Un impact positif des recettes agricoles sur le prix de la terre est principalement noté dans les régions près des centres urbains où l'agriculture est concentrée, soit en périphérie de Montréal et dans la région de Québec. Les sources de revenus non agricoles ont un impact significatif sur le prix des terres settlement dans la région la plus urbaine, soit prés de Montréal. Selon les coefficients de flexibilité calculés et les taux d'intérêt en vigueur au cours de la période étudiée, l'abolition des subventions du taux d'intérêt pourrait initier une chute de l'ordre de 15% a court terme et de 7% a long terme du prix de la terre dans les régions de Québec et de Montreal.     

A Monte Carlo study of growth regressions

Using Monte Carlo simulations, this paper evaluates the bias properties of estimators commonly used to estimate growth regressions derived from the Solow model. We explicitly allow for measurement error, country-specific fixed effects and regressor endogeneity. An OLS estimator applied to a single cross-section of variables averaged over time (the between estimator) performs best in terms of the extent of bias on each of the estimated coefficients. Fixed-effects and the Arellano–Bond GMM estimator overstate the speed of convergence under a wide variety of assumptions, while the between estimator understates it. Finally, fixed effects and Arellano–Bond bias towards zero the slope estimates on the human and physical capital accumulation variables, while the between estimator and the Blundell–Bond system GMM estimator bias these coefficients upwards.      

Fractionalization

We provide new measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization for about 190 countries. These measures are more comprehensive than those previously used in the economics literature and we compare our new variables with those previously used. We also revisit the question of the effects of ethnic, linguistic, and religious heterogeneity on the quality of institutions and growth. We partly confirm and partly modify previous results. The patterns of cross-correlations between potential explanatory variables and their different degree of endogeneity makes it hard to make unqualified statements about competing explanations for economic growth and the quality of government. Our new data, which features the underlying group structure of ethnicities, religions and languages, also allows the computation of alternative measures of heterogeneity, and we turn to measures of polarization as an alternative to the commonly used index of fractionalization.     

Macroeconomic Volatility and Welfare in Developing Countries: An Introduction

Macroeconomic volatility, both a source and a reflection ofunderdevelopment, is a fundamental concern for developing countries.Their high aggregate instability results from a combinationof large external shocks, volatile macroeconomic policies, microeconomicrigidities, and weak institutions. Volatility entails a directwelfare cost for risk-averse individuals, as well as an indirectone through its adverse effect on income growth and development.This article provides a brief overview of the recent literatureon macroeconomic volatility in developing countries, highlightingits causes, consequences, and possible remedies. It then introducesthe contributions of a recent conference on the subject, sponsoredby the World Bank and Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona.