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101.
We analyze the impact of leniency programs on the behavior of firms participating in illegal cartel agreements in a two-stage
repeated game model. Our approach takes into account asymmetric punishment effect and allows to discuss the design of leniency
programs in the setting with asymmetries. The main contribution of the paper is that we consider heterogeneous firms. This
heterogeneity results in additional costs in case of disclosure of the cartel, which are caused by asymmetric punishments.
Next, following current antitrust rules, we analyze effects of the strictness of leniency programs, which reflects the likelihood
of getting a complete exemption from fine even in case many firms self-report simultaneously. Our main conclusion is that
leniency programs work better for small companies, since a lower rate of law enforcement is needed in order to induce self-reporting
by smaller firms, while big firms are less likely to start a cartel in the first place given the possibility of self-reporting
in future. Finally, we analyze optimal enforcement strategies of the antitrust authority and conclude that the authority with
limited resources should implement more generous leniency rules the more cartelized the economy is. 相似文献
102.
103.
Rutger Hoekstra Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2002,23(3):357-378
Many environmental problems can be attributedto the extraction and emissions of physicalsubstances. Increasing our understanding of theeconomic and technological driving forcesbehind these physical flows can contribute tosolving the environmental problems related tothem. The input-output framework is a usefulsetting in which to integrate detailedinformation about economic structure andphysical flows. In this article a specificmethod in input-output analysis is reviewed,namely Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA).It is based on comparative static analysis,which decomposes historical changes of a policyvariable into determinant effects. SDA has beenapplied, for example, to analyze the demand andtechnological driving forces of energy use,CO2-emissions and various other pollutantsand resources. This article examines thetheoretical aspects of structuraldecomposition, in particular those concerningphysical flows and environmental issues.Furthermore, the article includes an extensivesurvey of empirical studies. 相似文献
104.
Abstract. This paper studies the design and effects of monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area. To do so, a stylized two‐region model of monetary and fiscal policy rules in the EMU is built. We analyse how monetary and fiscal rules affect the adjustment dynamics in the model. Both the effects on the individual countries and on the EMU aggregate economy are studied. Three aspects play an important role in the analysis: (i) the consequences of alternative monetary and fiscal policy rules, (ii) the consequences of asymmetries between EMU countries (asymmetries in macroeconomic shocks and macroeconomic structures), and (iii) the role of alternative degrees of backward‐ and forward‐looking behaviour in consumer decisions and inflation expectations. 相似文献
105.
Shifts in the production frontier occur because of changes in technology. A model of how a firm learns to use the new technology, or how it adapts from the first production frontier to the second, is suggested. Two different adaptation paths are embodied in a translog cost function and its attendant cost share equations. The paths are the traditional linear time trend and a learning curve. The model is estimated using establishment level data from a non-regulated industry that underwent a technological shift in the time period covered by the data. The learning curve resulted in more plausible estimates of technical progress and total factor productivity growth patterns. A significant finding is that, at the establishment level, all inputs appear to be substitutes.This paper was processed by N.R. Adam. 相似文献
106.
Jozef M. van Brabant 《Economics of Planning》1990,23(3):209-229
After over a decade of reform tinkering, Vietnam in early 1989 enacted a big bang that sought to combine stabilization with moving toward a market environment. In quick order, the pace of inflation was brought down to manageable levels. But the disarray resulting from stringent monetary policies not being supported by fiscal stances and control over foreign exchange led to considerable capacity underutilization and unemployment well beyond what would seem required to sustain the adjustment effort. The paper looks at the antecedents of the reform, its main components, the internal contradictions, and the dilemmas faced by the Government with a view to deriving lessons for other planned economies that may switch abruptly from a pervasive administrative planning environment to a model eventually to be anchored to market relations.Abbreviations CMEA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
- CPE
centrally planned economy
- DE
developing economy
- DRV
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
- FDI
foreign direct investment
- NIE
newly industrialized economy
- ODA
official development assistance
- SOE
state-owned enterprise
Staff member of the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat in New York. The views expressed here are the author's and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat. 相似文献
107.
Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: modeling agglomeration,externalities and trade 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabio Grazi Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh Piet Rietveld 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,38(1):135-153
A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects,
interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. The model is used to compare rankings
of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial
configurations are considered for this purpose. The exercise is operationalized with the help of a two-region model of the
economy, that is, in line with the ‘new economic geography.’ By generating a number of numerical ‘counter-examples,’ it is
shown that the footprint method is inconsistent with an approach aimed at maximum social welfare. Unless environmental externalities
are such a large problem that they overwhelm all other components of economic well-being, a ‘spatial welfare economic’ approach
delivers totally different rankings of alternative land use configurations than the ecological footprint.
相似文献
108.
109.
This article uses expenditure-based purchasing power parities (PPPs) to estimate GDP per capita in comparable prices for 12 Asian countries for six benchmark years during the period 1913–69. The article finds that in 1913 levels of real GDP per capita in several countries were comparable to those in Japan. GDP per capita in Japan and other Asian countries diverged during and after the First World War. The article questions whether Asia's ‘little divergence’ between Japan and other Asian countries dates back to the late eighteenth century. It draws attention to the different resource endowments of Japan, China, and India compared to other Asian countries, and their implications for the development trajectories of Asian countries. The article demonstrates that using historical PPP estimates yields estimates of GDP per capita that diverge from those based on retropolations of the single 1990 PPP-converted benchmark year. It concludes that historical estimates of PPPs are needed to confirm analyses of comparative economic performance based on available GDP per capita data. 相似文献
110.
Review of World Economics - The one time shock of the Great Recession in 2008/9 opens up the opportunity to study the sensitivity of countries to global economic shocks. Some countries are more... 相似文献