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31.
This paper compares the impact of institutions on men and women’s decisions to establish new business start-ups between 2001
and 2006. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey (GEM) which cover at least 2,000 individuals per year
in each of up to 55 countries and have merged it with country-level data, from the World Bank, Economist Intelligence Unit,
Polity IV and the Heritage Foundation. We find that women are less likely to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries
where the state sector is larger, but the rule of law is not generally found to have gender-specific effects. However, more
detailed institutional components of discrimination against women, in particular, restrictions on freedom of movement away
from home, make it less likely for women to have high entrepreneurial aspirations in terms of employment growth, even if their
entry into entrepreneurial activities, including self-employment, is not affected by this. 相似文献
32.
33.
Saul Fine Ishayau Horowitz Hanoch Weigler Liat Basis 《Human Resource Management Review》2010,20(1):73-84
The literature on integrity testing in personnel selection has reported impressive validities for predicting counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), but has seldom taken into consideration the possible influences of situational variables once job applicants are hired. This study examined the main effects and interaction effects of two situational variables, employee engagement and security control norms, on the relationship between integrity and CWB admissions. Based on data collected from a census sample of job incumbents from a large international retail company, all three variables were found to be moderately related to CWB, incrementally valid when aggregated, and together led to a lower rate of false positives than that yielded by integrity alone. In addition, employee engagement and security control norms each moderated the relationship between integrity and CWB when integrity was low, but did not influence CWB when integrity was high. The implications of these findings on personnel selection methods are discussed. 相似文献
34.
This note briefly introduces the symposium on entry and entry barriers in emerging markets edited by Nauro Campos and Saul Estrin. The symposium contains four inter-related case studies focusing in depth on the relationship between entry of new firms and institutional arrangements in four major emerging markets: Brazil, China, India and Russia. We find that entry rates are not necessarily low in emerging markets, and that institutional quality is a complex and “fuzzy” notion so that its impact on the entry process is not straightforward. 相似文献
35.
36.
Saul Sands Ph.D. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1979,7(1-2):117-134
The intent of this paper is to examine the possibilities for standardization of marketing elements within a multinational
marketing strategy. A majority view among international marketers is that each national is unique, and thus each must be treated
as a separate and independent operation. This “localized” strategy view is examined first. A growing number of international
marketers however, are finding that by standardizing various elements oftheir marketing strategy across national borders,
cost savings and/or increased revenues to be realized can yield greater profits. The second, and major, part of the paper
examines the opportunities for and potential benefits of standardization of product, packaging, advertisting, and pricing. 相似文献
37.
38.
In this paper we use a comparative perspective to explore the ways in which institutions and networks have influenced entrepreneurial development in Russia. We utilize Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data to study the effects of the weak institutional environment in Russia on entrepreneurship, comparing it first with all available GEM country samples and second, in more detail, with Brazil and Poland. Our results suggest that Russia's institutional environment is important in explaining its relatively low levels of entrepreneurship development, where the latter is measured in terms of both number of start-ups and of existing business owners. In addition, Russia's business environment and its consequences for the role of business networks contribute to the relative advantage of entrepreneurial insiders (those already in business) to entrepreneurial outsiders (newcomers) in terms of new business start-ups. 相似文献
39.
The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil,Russia, India,and China compared 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
This paper argues that the role of informal institutions as well as formal ones is central to understanding the functioning
of corporate governance. We focus on the four largest emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China—commonly referred
to as the BRIC countries. Our analysis is based on the Helmke and Levitsky framework of informal institutions and focuses
on two related aspects of corporate governance: firm ownership structures and property rights; and the relationship between
firms and external investors. We argue that for China and some states of India, “substitutive” informal institutions, whereby
informal institutions substitute for and replace ineffective formal institutions, are critical in creating corporate governance
leading to enhanced domestic and foreign investment. In contrast, Russia is characterized by “competing” informal institutions
whereby various informal mechanisms of corporate governance associated with corruption and clientelism undermine the functioning
of reasonably well set-out formal institutions relating to shareholder rights and relations with investors. Finally Brazil
is characterized by “accommodating” informal institutions which get around the effectively enforced but restrictive formal
institutions and reconcile varying objectives that are held between actors in formal and informal institutions. 相似文献
40.
Which institutions encourage entrepreneurial growth aspirations? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We develop entrepreneurship and institutional theory to explain entrepreneurial growth aspirations across individuals and institutional contexts. Our framework generates hypotheses at the national level about the negative impact of higher levels of corruption, weaker property rights and greater government activity on entrepreneurs' aspirations to increase employment. We further explore whether individual's social networks compensate for weaknesses in national institutions. We use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in 42 countries for 2001–2006, applying a multilevel estimation framework to test our ideas. We find that the relationship between growth aspiring entrepreneurs and institutions is complex; they benefit simultaneously from strong government (in the sense of property rights enforcement), and smaller government, but are constrained by corruption. Social networks mediate some but not all institutional deficiencies. 相似文献