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51.
O'Donnell Owen; van Doorslaer Eddy; Rannan-Eliya Ravi P.; Somanathan Aparnaa; Adhikari Shiva Raj; Harbianto Deni; Garg Charu C.; Hanvoravongchai Piya; Huq Mohammed N.; Karan Anup; Leung Gabriel M.; Ng Chiu Wan; Pande Badri Raj; Tin Keith; Tisayaticom Kanjana; Trisnantoro Laksono; Zhang Yuhui; Zhao Yuxin 《World Bank Economic Review》2007,21(1):93-123
The article compares the incidence of public healthcare across11 Asian countries and provinces, testing the dominance of healthcareconcentration curves against an equal distribution and Lorenzcurves and across countries. The analysis reveals that the distributionof public healthcare is prorich in most developing countries.That distribution is avoidable, but a propoor incidence is easierto realize at higher national incomes. The experiences of Malaysia,Sri Lanka, and Thailand suggest that increasing the incidenceof propoor healthcare requires limiting the use of user fees,or protecting the poor effectively from them, and building awide network of health facilities. Economic growth may not onlyrelax the government budget constraint on propoor policies butalso increase propoor incidence indirectly by raising richerindividuals' demand for private sector alternatives. 相似文献
52.
Hans Dagevos Yuna He Xiaoyong Zhang Ivo van der Lans Fengying Zhai 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2011,35(1):10-16
Consumption is a major driving force in China's economy. The consumer society is particularly emerging in the more urbanized and affluent regions in China. Given the rise of consumerism on the one hand, and the rise of overweight and obesity on the other, this study explored whether the proliferating consumer culture is a threat to the traditional health culture in China. The lifestyle‐oriented approach used in this study does not confirm a straightforward relationship between an upward trend in Chinese with (economic) assets to join the consumer society and a downward trend in health interest among urban Chinese. The result that the rise of the consumer society is not directly accompanied by a devaluation of health issues does not imply that lifestyle research is of no use. On the contrary, this paper successfully identified four dimensions of health‐related lifestyle for urban China, namely Food‐health Belief, Perceived Knowledge, Health Careless and Group Conformity. This result is informative with respect to the complexity of sociocultural factors influencing the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. 相似文献
53.
This study investigates the increase in the labour force participation rate of women. We estimate a binary age–period–cohort
model for a sample of Dutch women born between 1925 and 1986. The results indicate that the increasing level of education
and the diminishing negative effect of children have played an important role. Moreover, we find important unobserved cohort
effects for pre-1955 generations, which is in line with results of studies on social norms. It is shown that the growth in
female participation is likely to slow down in the near future, as such cohort effects are not relevant for younger generations. 相似文献
54.
Paul van den Noord 《Empirica》2011,38(1):19-51
The fiscal cost of the financial and economic crisis in Europe is huge. The paper provides provisional estimates of this cost
and looks at its implications for the sustainability of public finances, taking into account also the impact of aging populations.
The historical experience suggests that economic growth is persistently lowered in the aftermath of financial crisis, making
fiscal consolidation more difficult yet all the more essential. Meanwhile the timing of the exit from fiscal stimulus and
subsequent fiscal consolidation must reconcile sustainability and stabilisation goals—a delicate balancing act. The paper
will argue in favour of structural reform to boost the economic growth potential alongside fiscal consolidation. The fiscal
coordination framework in the EU, together with the Europe 2020 strategy, is seen to underpin this approach. 相似文献
55.
Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh 《Ecological Economics》2011,70(5):881-890
In recent debates on environmental problems and policies, the strategy of “degrowth” has appeared as an alternative to the paradigm of economic growth. This new notion is critically evaluated by considering five common interpretations of it. One conclusion is that these multiple interpretations make it an ambiguous and rather confusing concept. Another is that degrowth may not be an effective, let alone an efficient strategy to reduce environmental pressure. It is subsequently argued that “a-growth,” i.e. being indifferent about growth, is a more logical social aim to substitute for the current goal of economic growth, given that GDP (per capita) is a very imperfect indicator of social welfare. In addition, focusing ex ante on public policy is considered to be a strategy which ultimately is more likely to obtain the necessary democratic-political support than an ex ante, explicit degrowth strategy. In line with this, a policy package is proposed which consists of six elements, some of which relate to concerns raised by degrowth supporters. 相似文献
56.
An increasing number of environmental protection programs offers financial compensation to farmers in exchange for conservation
services. Incentive-compatible contracts can be designed to mitigate excess compensation, but the extant literature suggests
that outcomes are always second-best so that other instruments (such as conservation auctions) may be preferred. We argue
that the claim regarding the first-best solution never being incentive-compatible is correct if all conservation costs are
variable in nature; if there are fixed costs too, the first-best compensation scheme may be incentive-compatible after all.
Given the relevance of fixed costs in conservation issues, we conclude that incentive-compatible contracts should be given
a second chance as a policy measure to induce conservation. 相似文献
57.
Elisabeth Gsottbauer Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(2):263-304
Established environmental policy theory is based on the assumption of homo economicus. This means that people are seen as fully rational and acting in a self-regarding manner. In line with this, economics emphasizes
efficient policy solutions and the associated advantages of price incentives. Behavioral economics offers alternative, more
realistic views on individual behavior. In this paper we investigate opportunities to integrate bounded rationality and other-regarding
preferences into environmental policy theory to arrive at recommendations for more effective policies. For this purpose, we
will address decisions made under risk and uncertainty, intertemporal choice, decision heuristics, other-regarding preferences,
heterogeneity, evolutionary selection of behaviors, and the role of happiness. Three aspects of environmental policy are considered
in detail, namely sustainable consumption, environmental valuation and policy design. We pay special attention to the role
of non-pecuniary, informative instruments and illustrate the implications for climate policy. 相似文献
58.
Extant customer-base models like the beta geometric/negative binomial distribution (BG/NBD) predict future purchasing based on customers' observed purchase history. We extend the BG/NBD by adding an important non-transactional element that also drives future purchases: complaint history. Our model retains several desirable properties of the BG/NBD: it can be implemented in readily available software, and estimation requires only customer-specific statistics, rather than detailed transaction-sequence data. The likelihood function is closed-form, and managerially relevant metrics are obtained by drawing from beta and gamma densities and transforming these draws to a sample average. Based on more than two years of individual-level data from a major U.S. internet and catalog retailer, our model with complaints outperforms both the original BG/NBD and a modified version. Even though complaints are rare and non-transactional events, they lead to different substantive insights about customer purchasing and drop-out: customers purchase faster but also drop out much faster. Furthermore, there is more heterogeneity in drop-out rates following a purchase than a complaint. 相似文献
59.
The impact of the introduction and use of an informational website on offline customer buying behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J.E.M. van Nierop P.S.H. Leeflang M.L. TeerlingK.R.E. Huizingh 《International Journal of Research in Marketing》2011,28(2):155-165
Do customers increase or decrease their spending in response to the introduction of an informational website? To answer this question, this study considers the effects of the introduction and use of an informational website by a large national retailer on offline customer buying behavior. More specifically, we study a website's effects on the number of shopping trips and the amount spent per category per shopping trip. The model is calibrated through the estimation of a Poisson model (shopping trips) and a type-II tobit model (the amount spent per category per shopping trip), with effect parameters that vary across customers. For the focal retailer, an informational website creates more bad than good news; most website visitors engage in fewer shopping trips and spend less in all product categories. The authors also compare the characteristics of shoppers who exhibit negative website effects with those few shoppers who show positive effects and thus derive key implications for research and practice. 相似文献
60.
Matthijs J. H. M. van der Loos Philipp D. Koellinger Patrick J. F. Groenen Cornelius A. Rietveld Fernando Rivadeneira Frank J. A. van Rooij Andr�� G. Uitterlinden Albert Hofman A. Roy Thurik 《Small Business Economics》2011,37(3):269-275
Candidate gene studies of human behavior are gaining interest in economics and entrepreneurship research. Performing and interpreting these studies is not straightforward because the selection of candidates influences the interpretation of the results. As an example, Nicolaou et al. (Small Bus Econ 36:151?C155, 2011) report a significant association between a common genetic variant in the DRD3 gene and the tendency to be an entrepreneur. We fail to replicate this finding using a much larger, independent dataset. In addition, we discuss the candidate gene approach and give suggestions to avoid the publication of false positives. 相似文献