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21.
Sergio Beraldo 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(1):79-90
Indirect reciprocity is generally considered one of the leading mechanisms to explain how cooperation may emerge by natural
selection. The basic intuition is that establishing a reputation of being a helpful individual increases the probability of
being in turn helped. Two models have been proposed to describe how indirect reciprocity may work: the standing model (Sugden
1986/2004 in The economics of rights, cooperation and welfare. Blackwell, Oxford.) and the image-scoring model (Nowak and Sigmund
1998a in Nature 393:573–577, b in J Theoretical Biol 194:561–574). Although there is evidence that the former model would perform better under a wide set
of circumstances, it is often maintained that it requires individuals with an implausibly large capacity of processing recursive
information. In this paper, I argue that this is not actually the case. I further emphasize that even if the hypothesis of
indirect reciprocity is unable to give a fair account of the ecological bases of cooperation, it has inspired a deal of research
precious to social sciences. 相似文献
22.
A classic characterization of competitive equilibria views them as feasible allocations maximizing a weighted sum of utilities. It has been applied to establish fundamental properties of the equilibrium notion, such as existence, determinacy, and computability. However, it fails for economies with missing financial markets.We give such a characterization for economies with a single commodity and missing financial markets, by an amended social welfare function. Its parameters capture both the relative importance of households welfare, through the classic welfare weights, as well as the disagreements among them as to the value of the missing markets.As a by-product, we identify the dimension of the set of interior equilibrium allocations. 相似文献
23.
This paper introduces a non-cooperative game-theoretic model of sequential network formation, in which players propose links
and demand payoffs. Payoff division is therefore endogenous. We show that if the value of networks satisfies size monotonicity,
then each and every equilibrium network is efficient. The result holds not only when players make absolute participation demands,
but also when they are allowed to make link-specific demands. 相似文献
24.
Sergio C. Trindade 《R&D Management》1980,10(2):77-82
Research Development (RD) is concerned with the conversion of inventions (i.e. new ideas) into innovations (i.e. new products, processes and services in the market-place). Empirical evidence indicates that the rate of success of RD is small. In the innovation chain of events the scientific or technical accomplishment is but one link, a necessary but not sufficient condition of success. Often the market is the decisive factor.
Many research and development organizations (R & DOs), especially those funded privately, allocate their resources with a strong orientation towards satisfying perceived market needs. If this incentive persists during the R & D work the RD effort will probably be much facilitated.
In the light of the above concepts, the Brazilian R & D and RD experiences are reviewed with practical examples and emphasis on the efforts of Centro de Tecnologia Promon—CTP (Promon Technology Center). CTP works on non-conventional energy, industrial process development and telecommunication product development.
The experience reported is not intended to serve as a general solution to R & D or RD problems in the developing world. The purpose is rather to suggest alternative pathways and to point out the importance of a diversified approach to the tough task of closing the innovation loop. 相似文献
Many research and development organizations (R & DOs), especially those funded privately, allocate their resources with a strong orientation towards satisfying perceived market needs. If this incentive persists during the R & D work the RD effort will probably be much facilitated.
In the light of the above concepts, the Brazilian R & D and RD experiences are reviewed with practical examples and emphasis on the efforts of Centro de Tecnologia Promon—CTP (Promon Technology Center). CTP works on non-conventional energy, industrial process development and telecommunication product development.
The experience reported is not intended to serve as a general solution to R & D or RD problems in the developing world. The purpose is rather to suggest alternative pathways and to point out the importance of a diversified approach to the tough task of closing the innovation loop. 相似文献
25.
Sergio Cesaratto 《Review of Political Economy》2013,25(4):409-425
Roncaglia and Nell have criticised the interpretation of Sraffa's normal prices as centres of gravitation for actual prices. Roncaglia mainly focuses on the interpretation of the notion of gravitation in Smith and on the meaning of the ‘given outputs’ in Sraffa. Nell attempts to confine the relevance of Sraffa's theory to specific historical circumstances and to find a role for Sraffa's prices in his version of post-Keynesian price theory. This rejoinder criticises the case made by both Roncaglia and Nell, and defends Sraffa's centre of gravitation view. 相似文献
26.
Geographic Indications (GIs) identify the geographic origin of products whose quality, reputation or other characteristic can be attributed to the geographic origin. We focus on a subcategory of GIs, Farmer Owned Brands. Like GIs in general, FOBs require governmental assistance to protect the property rights of the brand owners. GIs are receiving increased attention because many countries and producer groups realize the importance of property right protection for GIs, and are negotiating such rights in international forums like the World Trade Organization. Here we explore possible reasons for US opposition to EU policies conferring special property right protection to GIs. We conclude that the most plausible explanation for the US position is the lack of a domestic constituency advocating greater GI protection, which means that the US position represents the interests only of those who stand to lose from such protection. It will take a change in US property right regulations and a widespread understanding and adoption of the concept among producer groups before the political pendulum changes within the US. This process will take several years and until then we will have the unusual situation of the US opposing the only market-based solution to the US rural development problem that we are aware of. 相似文献
27.
An integrated framework for the conceptualization of consumers’ perceived-risk processing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Margy P. Conchar George M. Zinkhan Cara Peters Sergio Olavarrieta 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2004,32(4):418-436
Research on risk is built on a complex array of diverse and sometimes inconsistent definitions, constructs, models, and outcomes.
This study examines various literatures to formulate an integrated framework for the conceptualization of perceived-risk processing.
The framework specifies three phases (framing, assessment, and evaluation) and their accompanying outcomes of risk attention,
perceived risk, and risk-taking propensity. Explicit linkages are specified between situational and individual characteristics.
Perceived-risk evaluation is identified as concepturally distinct from assessment of perceived risk, and the construct of
risk-taking propensity is separated from those of risk affinity and perceived risk. The framework further presents points
of intersection between the literatures on perceived risk and the literatures on consumer decision-making, information search,
and satisfaction. Finally, it serves as an anchor for framing future research to promote conceptual and methodological consistency,
and to guide progress in directions that are consistent with some leading edge paradigms outside of marketing.
Margy P. Conchar (concharm@mail.ecu.edu; Ph.D., University of Georgia) is an assistant professor at East Carolina University. Her research
focuses on consumer behavior and advertising. Her work in consumer behavior concentrates on risk, motives, and optimal consumption
experience. Her research in advertising focuses on the interface between advertising and finance, accounting, or economics.
She has previously published in the proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, the Association for Consumer Research,
the American Marketing Association of Educators, and the Society for Marketing Advances.
George M. Zinkhan (gzinkhan@terry.uga.edu; Ph.D., University of Michigan) is the Coca-Cola Company Chair of Marketing at the University of
Georgia. His major research interests include advertising, promotion, e-commerce, and knowledge development. Two of his recent
coauthored books includeConsumers (2004, McGraw-Hill) andElectronic Commerce: A Strategic Perspective (2000, Dryden).
Cara Peters (petersc@winthrop.edu; Ph.D., University of Nebraska) is an assistant professor at Winthrop University. Her research lies
in the general areas of consumer behavior and e-commerce. Primarily using mixed methods, she examines risky consumer behaviors
as they relate to sociology and psychology. She has published in theJournal of Consumer Psychology andConsumption, Markets, and Culture, among other journals.
Sergio Olavarrieta (solavar@negocios.uchile.cl; Ph.D., University of Georgia) is an assistant professor at Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
He is assistant dean of undergraduate programs at the School of Business and Economics at the University of Chile. His research
focuses on branding and marketing strategy. He has previously published in theJournal of Strategic Marketing and theInternational Journal of Product Distribution and Logistics Management. 相似文献
28.
The paper inquires into notional defined contribution pension schemes, which retain the pay‐as‐you‐go financing method while adopting the award and indexation formulas typical of funded, defined‐contribution systems. It examines the properties of the new arrangement and compares them with those of the traditional defined‐benefit pay‐as‐you‐go schemes. 相似文献
29.
A framework is developed for examining price and welfare effects of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the short run, non-GM grain generally becomes another identity-preserved product. However, more profound market effects are observed under some reasonable parameterizations. When calibrated to reflect the U.S. corn market, introducing GM technology increases aggregate welfare over a wide range of scenarios, unless the corresponding production cost savings are small and consumers are seriously concerned about GM products. The possibility that GM technology may reduce aggregate welfare is interesting because the model assumes rational agents and does not include regulatory constraints. 相似文献
30.