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941.
942.
We examine the association between institutional ownership and defined benefit (DB) pension decisions. We find that institutional ownership is negatively associated with pension underfunding, opportunistic increases in the expected rate of return assumption in the presence of underfunding, and significant ownership of the firm's own stock in the DB plan portfolio. Furthermore, these relations are stronger when institutional ownership is concentrated, when institutions are nontransient investors, or when institutions are relatively large. These results suggest that institutional investors are monitoring firm pension decisions, particularly those institutions with stronger monitoring incentives or resources. 相似文献
943.
This research note aims to explore the links between food, memory, nostalgia and leisure through a series of weekly visits to an itinerant Mexican market in the United States. Taking an ethnographic approach to the market of La Pulga held in the city of Merced in California’s San Joaquin Valley, we consider how, in the Mexican–American transnational context, this market provides an opportunity for Mexican migrants to interact with other Mexican people, recreating similar social dynamics displayed in traditional food markets in Mexico. We argue that as well as being a food supply centre, this market may be viewed as a space in which Mexican migrants seek to recreate their homeland and to enjoy an alternative leisure experience. Thus, the visit to the market may be observed as a complex activity in which the senses, the social interactions between Mexican migrants and the consumption of food in a festive setting play a central role in enabling these migrants to break with their everyday lives. Likewise, we suggest that the visit to the market every Saturday not only constitutes a leisure activity, but also serves to construct the ethnic and collective migratory identity that links Mexican migrants with their homeland. 相似文献
944.
John M. Geppert Stoyu I. Ivanov Gordon V. Karels 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2011,37(1):21-34
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the S&P 500 index committee’s decisions to change the constituent
firms in the index on benchmark risk measures. The index is managed and changed discretionally by the index committee to make
it as representative of the market condition as possible. In addition, the index constantly changes due to important corporate
events such as bankruptcies, mergers and acquisitions, and spin-offs. We reconstruct market portfolios by retaining all discretionally
deleted firms in a 3 and 5 year periods. We estimate betas at every deletion date in terms of reconstructed market portfolios;
we found that these estimate betas are significantly different from the betas obtained from the constantly updated S&P 500
portfolio. We also found that such portfolios are less representative of the business cycle than the actual S&P 500 portfolio.
Finally, we found that the portfolio returns obtained by retaining all discretionally deleted firms deviate significantly
from the returns of the actual S&P 500 index over the studied period, October 1989 to December 2007. 相似文献
945.
Multi-staged R&D projects are copy-book cases of compound real options. Traditional compound option models assume a constant volatility over the lifetime of the project. Building on the n-fold compound option model of Cassimon et al. (2004), we extend this model to allow for phase-specific volatility estimates, while preserving the closed-form solution of the model. We illustrate the extended model with a case study of a real option valuation of a multi-stage software application project by a large mobile phone operator and we show how project managers can estimate phase-specific volatilities. 相似文献
946.
V. A. Volkonskii A. I. Kuzovkin V. M. Chakhovskii M. V. Glukhova A. I. Yemets 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2010,21(2):132-145
Under rapid surges in gas prices, the difference in the costs of electric power production between peak (and half-peak) and
base load plants is quickly increasing, so that accumulating systems that allow transfer of cheap night energy to peak and
daytime zones have proved highly efficient. A method to evaluate the economic efficiency of such accumulating systems is presented,
which is based on model simulation in order to find the optimal tariffs differentiated by time zones. 相似文献
947.
The article deals with a relatively new phenomenon for Russia, i.e., social entrepreneurship. Based on an analysis of international experience in the development of social enterprises, their characteristics have been studied, the advantages and risks in support of social enterprise in meeting the social needs have been revealed, and the problems and prospects of development of social entrepreneurship in Russia have been discussed. 相似文献
948.
A method for determining the equivalent cash flow when compounding occurs less frequently than the cash flow is presented. Existing methods for determining the equivalence of cash flows ignore the time value of money and, hence, are not satisfactory. A prorated simple interest is used for calculating the interest within the compounding period. An example utilizing the proposed method is presented. 相似文献
949.
Sonja Gensler Franziska Völckner Yuping Liu-Thompkins Caroline Wiertz 《Journal of Interactive Marketing》2013,27(4):242-256
The dynamic, ubiquitous, and often real-time interaction enabled by social media significantly changes the landscape for brand management. A deep understanding of this change is critical since it may affect a brand's performance substantially. Literature about social media's impact on brands is evolving, but lacks a systematic identification of key challenges related to managing brands in this new environment. This paper reviews existing research and introduces a framework of social media's impact on brand management. It argues that consumers are becoming pivotal authors of brand stories due to new dynamic networks of consumers and brands formed through social media and the easy sharing of brand experiences in such networks. Firms need to pay attention to such consumer-generated brand stories to ensure a brand's success in the marketplace. The authors identify key research questions related to the phenomenon and the challenges in coordinating consumer- and firm-generated brand stories. 相似文献
950.
Studies in the United States, Europe and Australia have shown that the market for audit services is highly concentrated and largely dominated by the same ‘Big Six’ international audit firms. This paper measures the degree of concentration in the Belgian audit market through an empirical study of the number of professionally qualified auditors employed by each audit firm and some characteristics of their clients. Our calculations show that the concentration ratios, however measured, are low when compared with other countries, possibly due to the low value attached to the certification of financial statements by a professionally qualified auditor. This lack of importance can be explained by characteristics of the Belgian environment (e.g. a relatively passive capital market, dominated by a few large holding companies) which may induce companies to chose cheaper (domestic) audit firms. We also calculate Spearman rank correlations between the rankings of the audit firms based upon the different audit firm revenue proxies. All the correlations show it is of no importance which measure is used to rank audit firms. 相似文献