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101.
In this article we examine Wagner's law for Fiji for the period 1970 to 2002. Using the Johansen (1988) test for cointegration, we find one cointegration relationship between national output and government expenditure. Using five different long run estimators, we find robust results on the impact of national income on government expenditure. The elasticity ranges from 1.36 to 1.44, implying that a 1% increase in income leads to a 1.36–1.44% increase in government expenditure. Moreover, we find that in the long run national income Granger causes government expenditure. While these results are consistent with Wagner's law, we warn policy makers that because Fiji's total debt stands at around 69% of GDP, in future the bulk of expenditure will go towards debt financing at the expense of productive sectors. 相似文献
102.
Malls came into existence because of changing patterns of urbanization and ways of living. The concept has traveled from the United States to the world over. Initially, the acceptance and awareness of malls was moderate in India, but there has been a spur in the proliferation of malls during recently. Indian malls are not an exact replica of the U.S. malls: the U.S. model has been modified resulting in development of India-specific prototypes. Indian malls differ from U.S. malls in terms of financing, location, size, expansion, architecture, stage of evolution, choice of anchor tenant, entertainment-mix, and mall management practices. 相似文献
103.
ABSTRACTThis study aims to explore the depiction of cultural values on global websites. There exists a research gap in terms of better understanding cross-cultural differences in web communications between the Arab and Western worlds. Thus, we conducted content analysis to examine the cultural values on websites from Arab countries and the U.S. The results suggest that local websites of Arab countries and the United States tend to differ significantly from each other on cultural contents. The proposed cultural findings can serve as a guide for creating culturally congruent international websites. 相似文献
104.
105.
This paper studies both positive and normative aspects of quantity-based capital controls in a small open economy undergoing
a temporary inflation stabilization plan. In the model, capital controls are implemented by choosing two policy variables:
a ceiling on the private sector debt and a terminal date for removing controls; the date on which controls trigger and hence
its duration are endogenously determined. Equilibrium dynamics are characterized for all feasible range of debt ceilings and
durations. Temporary controls that end with the collapse of the stabilization plan are shown to mitigate consumption boom-bust cycles and dominate
allocations under perfect capital mobility, thus providing a “second-best” rationale for employing them. For controls that
are prolonged beyond the collapse of the stabilization plan, equilibria exist even when the debt ceiling is above the debt that accumulates
under perfect capital mobility. Here, if the ceiling is sufficiently low, controls mitigate consumption cycles. Conversely,
a sufficiently high ceiling amplifies consumption cycles. For prolonged controls, there is a critical value of debt ceiling
below (above) which the welfare is higher (lower) relative to the perfect capital mobility case. Finally, for a given debt
ceiling, prolonged controls rank lower in welfare than those that end with the stabilization plan.
We would like to thank two anonymous referees and the editor whose suggestions have helped us improve the paper substantially.
The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
106.
Satwinder Singh A. Fattaah Mohamed Tamer Darwish 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(19):3577-3598
Very little work in the past has focused on the comparative analysis of human resource management (HRM) practices between domestic and multinational enterprises (MNEs). The majority of the work in this area has instead concentrated on comparing the HRM practices utilised by the subsidiaries of MNEs, and has mostly been conducted in the context of developed countries. In this paper, we examine how the HR practices of appraisals, rewards and incentives are offered, explained and monitored in domestic enterprises (DEs) versus MNEs, and how they are similar or different in nature. This paper is based on primary data collected from a cross-section of firms operating in the country of Brunei Darussalam – a context within which no previous work of this nature has been undertaken. An analysis reveals several interesting results: HR practices are more advanced and better structured in MNEs that conduct performance appraisals (PA) more frequently than DEs, and their feedback system is also rapid; incentives and rewards systems in MNEs follow market ethos and principles; the HR directors and employees of MNEs are more receptive to PA than those in DEs whilst, in contrast to DEs, incentives and rewards systems in MNEs follow market ethos and principles. Furthermore, with regard to size, younger firms are more likely to be following market principles in terms of explaining incentives and rewards systems to their employees, whilst older firms claim that working for them carries social and psychological benefits for employees. 相似文献
107.
Ajay Singh Sameer Deshpande 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2013,18(2):149-157
- This study emphasizes the importance of benefit orientation and the competitive advantage of benefits accrued from an improved social product vis‐à‐vis a current social product as components of a social marketing strategy in order to improve the effectiveness of behaviour change attempts. The views towards female and male condoms of 1939 female sex workers (FSWs) from nine cities in five states of India were investigated. FSWs perceived better peer and male client support, and a more attractive marketing strategy for female condoms over male condoms and thus were likely to use female condoms.
108.
Network impacts of distance-based road user charging 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Distance-based road user charging is being seen as one potential mechanism to implement national road charging schemes. This
paper investigates the design aspects of universal distance-based charging schemes and incorporates procedures within a detailed
network supply model to represent how a range of different permutations of distance-based charges across a given network (charging
regimes) affect route-choice, travel characteristics and demand for road space. The results suggest that distance-based charging
can reduce number and length of trips, congestion, accidents and pollution, and provide net economic benefits and revenues.
However, these benefits are not found to be uniform throughout the network. Their magnitude largely depends on the charge
level, the hierarchy of charges across the network, and the difference between the charge levels. 相似文献
109.
Summary. We provide a characterization of participants' behavior in a contest or tournament where the marginal productivity of effort
varies across contestants and individual productivity is private information. We then consider the optimal design of such
a contest.
We first analyze contestant behavior for the usual type of contest, where the highest output wins. Abilities need not be independently
distributed. We demonstrate that there is a unique symmetric equilibrium output function, that output is increasing in ability,
and that marginal effort is increasing in ability, while effort decreases when the cost of effort increases.
Next we consider the case where the highest output need not win, with independently distributed abilities. We analyze the
contest designer's decisions in choosing contest rules optimal from her perspective. We show that the output produced, probability
of winning, and contest designer's expected revenue are generally increasing in contestants' ability. We examine the relationship
between the marginal cost of producing output and marginal utility per dollar of the net award for winning.
Received: July 30, 1998; revised version: August 7, 2000 相似文献
110.
We address multinational capital structure decisions when firms have varying degrees of financial flexibility for shifting income and/or tax shields between subsidiaries. We find: (1) firms can use leverage to dramatically reduce negative valuation effects from operating in a high-tax country; (2) financial flexibility is a key determinant of optimal capital structure, acting as both a substitute and a complement for leverage; (3) multinational firms derive a synergistic effect from financial flexibility, which can enhance their value beyond that for a single-country firm from a low-tax jurisdiction; and (4) optimal capital structure typically differs substantially across subsidiaries, with each having positions in multiple currencies. 相似文献