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Controlling for differences in taxes and transportation costs, the Nordic Competition Authorities claims, in a report from 2005, that food prices are 11% higher in Sweden compared to the EU-15 countries. One explanation for this put forward in the report is the limited competition on this market which suggests there to be a potential for lower food prices. This paper focuses on distributional effects of a price decrease on food. Based on a simple model of household utility, the households demand for food is derived and estimated. Price and income elasticities for different income groups are then calculated based on these parameter estimates. Our results suggest that food is a normal good with an average income elasticity of approximately 0.18 and a price elasticity of 0.45. In addition, and of importance from a policy perspective, the results indicate the income elasticity to differ across income groups while price elasticities are constant. 相似文献
63.
In this paper, we derive and compare the determinacy regions of price-level targeting rules (Wicksellian rules) and Taylor rules in a standard New Keynesian model. We conclude that Wicksellian rules do not require the Taylor principle to hold in order to induce determinacy. Our results have two implications. First, in a univariate setting, the estimation of simple Taylor rules when the true rule is Wicksellian can lead to the erroneous conclusion that the equilibrium is indeterminate. Second, indeterminacy is ruled out when using system-based methods, but it can be concluded that the central bank is less averse to inflation movements than it actually is. 相似文献
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66.
Sofia Babilis 《International Review of Applied Economics》2005,19(4):459-476
Home bias arises when the actual portfolio of an investor consists of a smaller proportion of foreign assets than that predicted by standard portfolio theory for the observed set of risks and returns on available assets. The existence and persistence of home bias undermines the theoretical case for the efficiency of international capital markets. In this paper we use data on UK pension fund portfolios to measure home bias, and find that this is doubly acute in the case of emerging market equity—a bias against overseas assets as a whole being further magnified by a bias against emerging markets within the foreign equity class as a whole. Moreover, contrary to the conventional assumption that risk aversion is both relatively low and stable over time (canonised in neoclassical theory by the derivation of constant relative risk aversion from the utility function itself) our finding that home bias fluctuates over time suggests that risk aversion is in fact time‐variant and path‐dependent. We sketch an alternative Keynesian approach in conclusion. 相似文献
67.
In 2005, the Government of Ontario, Canada, announced the phase out of the Labour Sponsored Venture Capital Corporation (LSVCC) tax credit, which will become effective in 2011. Some media attention has suggested this might lead to difficulty for Ontario entrepreneurs and emerging firms in raising capital. This study presents evidence from Ontario innovative healthcare firms that capital raising concerns are not related to the phasing out of the LSVCC tax credit, and this evidence is consistent with evidence of extreme underperformance of LSVCCs. However, amongst firms currently funded by LSVCCs, there is significant concern about the phase out of the tax credit, which is at least in part attributable to the terms within LSVCC shareholder agreements. Policymakers should account for firms currently funded by LSVCCs to efficiently facilitate the phase out of the tax credit. 相似文献
68.
This paper is an empirical study of the capitalization rates for 132 office building sales in downtown Chicago from 1996 to
2007. The capitalization rate is hypothesized to be a function of the classic capital asset pricing model variable and variables
intended to capture the expectation that the real market value of the building will change. The results show that the capitalization
rate for office buildings incorporates a very low value for “beta.” A lower capitalization rate was associated with a smaller
risk-free rate, a lower borrowing rate, class A buildings, newer buildings, buildings that had been renovated, a reduction
in the vacancy rate in the downtown Chicago office market, and an increase in employment in the financial sector of the metropolitan
area. 相似文献
69.
We examine stock exchange trading rules for market manipulation, insider trading, and broker–agency conflict, across countries and over time, in 42 stock exchanges around the world. Some stock exchanges have extremely detailed rules that explicitly prohibit specific manipulative practices, but others use less precise and broadly framed rules. We create new indices for market manipulation, insider trading, and broker–agency conflict based on the specific provisions in the trading rules of each stock exchange. We show that differences in exchange trading rules, over time and across markets, significantly affect liquidity. 相似文献
70.
Sofia Eriksson 《Annals of Tourism Research》2010,37(1):74-92
This paper redresses a gap in the study of travel literature. It explores a geographical area—Sweden—that has received little scholarly attention, particularly during the period that the paper focuses on; the interwar years. The paper uses ideas of dirt and cleanliness to examine tourist constructions of difference between themselves and other people, as well as to conceptualize modernity. Cleanliness and dirt are themes that have been much discussed in contexts of colonial discourse, but their meanings and functions in a non-colonial setting have not been adequately explored. This paper argues that tourist perceptions of cleanliness and dirt can be used to mediate modernity, race, and the authenticity of cultural experiences. 相似文献