The rationality and efficacy of decisions under uncertainty and the value of an experiment

Summary A decision maker faces a known prior distribution over payoff relevant states. We compare the expected utility of this individual under two scenarios. In the first, the decision maker makes a choice without further information. In the second, the decision maker has access to an experiment before choosing an action. However, the decision maker does not know the true joint distribution over states and messages. The value of the experiment as measured by the difference in the two utility levels can be negative as well as positive. We give a condition which is necessary and sufficient for the experiment to be valuable in our sense, for any decision problem.An earlier version of this paper was circulated under the title Noisy Bayes Updating and the Value of Information. We have gained from the comments of Stephen Coate, John Geanakoplos, Larry Samuelson, Timothy Van Zandt and seminar participants at Harvard Business School, Princeton, Boston University, the international conference on game theory at Stony Brook 1992 and the Winter meeting of the Econometric Society at Anaheim 1993. The first author received support for this project from NSF grant #SES-9308515 and a University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation Grant.     

领导风格与员工工作态度——互惠和信任的中介作用的实证研究

互惠和信任是社会交换的普适准则。本文基于社会交换理论，以中国境内各类企业972位管理人员为样本，试图研究领导风格与员工工作态度之间的关系，尤其是组织与员工间的互惠和员工的组织信任在其中的中介作用。在初步研究的基础上，本文对变革型领导、事务型领导、广义互惠、平衡互惠、员工的组织信任、组织承诺和离职意愿各概念进行了系统的探索性分析和验证性分析，接着检验了这七个核心概念的区分效度。研究结论表明：（1）变革型领导不仅直接对员工的组织信任和组织承诺产生作用，而且通过组织对员工的广义和平衡互惠使员工产生对组织的信任，从而提高员工的组织承诺和降低员工的离职意愿；（2）事务型领导仅仅通过互惠对员工的组织信任和组织承诺产生作用；（3）广义互惠直接影响员工的组织承诺，平衡互惠通过组织信任影响员工的组织承诺。研究结论告诉我国企业领导者，首先，尽可能锻炼自己，努力成为变革型领导者。其次，要努力塑造互惠和信任的企业文化，并且特别着重于建设广义互惠的企业文化和制度环境。     

Strategic Reaction of Vertically Integrated Firms to Downstream Entry: Deterrence or Accommodation

The purpose of this paper is to analyze strategic behavior of vertically integrated firms when there is downstream entry, taking into account the balance between competition in the market and competition for the market. This analysis can serve to explain diverse distributional structures, including the coexistence of vertically integrated firms and independent retailers. And it shows that the relative efficiency of downstream entrants and the level of competition among incumbents are two major factors in determining equilibrium configuration.     

企业的物流战略及其模式选择探析

在现代社会，任何企业要生产就必须有物资资源的支撑，也就有物流。物流是热门话题，也是国内外发展的重点和许多企业竞争的焦点。在专业化日益盛行的今天，任何企业都不可能完全靠自身的实力来发展。为了使得企业的正常运作，需要制定自身的物流战略，战略的不同导致其模式的差别，物流的战略往往决定了物流模式的选择。     

上市公司控制权转移与市场反应

国外有研究表明,控制权转移能给目标公司股东带来20%左右的超额收益率.本文通过考察我国1997-2003发生控制权转移的282个样本,发现控制权转移能给目标公司带来9%以上的累积超额收益率.而且,转移后变更行业、变更董事长或总经理、民营转给国有的样本转移时可获得的累积超额收益率甚至更高.最后,我们用多元回归模型进一步分析了累积超额收益率的影响因素,进一步证明行业变更、董事长或总经理变更、转移类型对控制权转移的市场反应有显著影响.     

Forecasting UK house prices: A time varying coefficient approach

Previous studies of UK house prices, developed from the demand and supply ofhousing or from the asset market approach have been poor in terms of robustness and ex-post forecasting ability. The UK housing market has suffered a number of structural changes, particularly since the early 1980s with substantial house price increases, financial market deregulation and the removal of mortgage market constraints through competition. Consequently, models which assume that the underlying data-generating process is stable and apply constant parameter techniques tend to suffer in terms of parameter instability. This article uses the Time Varying Coefficient (TVC) methodology where the underlying data-generating process in the UK housing market is treated as unstable. The estimation results of the TVC regression of UK house prices is compared with those obtained from three alternative constant parameter regressions. Comparisons of forecasting performance suggest the TVC regression out-performs forecasts from an Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and an Autoregressive Time Series regression.     

我国人力资本发展运营过程中的制度探析

人力资本发展制度存在行政性垄断、投入不足等弊端,存在市场配置机制发展滞后、不完善及分配仍以人力资本的行政定价为主等问题.造成缺陷的主要制度性根源在于人力资本产权缺失或残缺.实现制度创新,需要以人力资本产权制度为基础明晰人力资本产权,利用市场机制配置人力资本,建立以个人合法剩余索取权为基础的收入分配制度.     

开放条件下中国货币与经济关联度变动原因实证研究

本文运用动态条件相关(DCC)方法估计中国各层次货币与实体经济的关联度。研究发现,1994年前,关联度始终在低位波动,之后大幅提高,总体呈上升趋势。通过在模型中引入金融深化度和经济开放度,本文从不同的侧面解释了货币与经济关联度变动的原因。虽然金融深化度和经济开放度对关联度的影响程度随货币层次的提高而增强,但作用方向却不完全相同;金融深化度越高,经济开放度越低,关联度越强,这表明金融深化理论与中国国情相适应。这对于改革开放具有较强的现实意义。政府通过优先发展金融,深化金融体制改革,能够提高货币对经济增长的效能,促进经济结构的转型和经济持续增长。     

职业流动中的性别差异:审视中国城市劳动力市场

本文旨在回答以下问题:(1)在中国城市劳动力市场中,职业流动性别差异以何种模式体现?(2)职业流动性别差异主要受哪些因素决定?文章使用第二次中国妇女社会地位调查数据,预测人力资本、家庭因素、社会资本、市场结构转型对男女职业流动的影响。实证结果表明:在经济转型期间,人力资本因素并不能完全解释我国职业流动的性别差异,而家庭特征、社会资本以及劳动力市场结构变动都对职业流动性别差异产生显著影响。     

让所得税政策成为国家促进企业自主创新的主动力

当今,企业的自主创新科技开发,不但直接关系到企业的核心竞争力,而且关系到国家经济现代化发展的大局。该文认为,对科技创新型企业,政府对其科技创新资金的投入,运用所得税优惠或减免政策,可以有力地鼓励和支持企业的科技创新活动,并提出了5项具体政策性建议。