The economic and strategic motives for antidumping filings

The Economic and Strategic Motives for Antidumping Filings. — This paper looks at worldwide antidumping activity during the last two decades. We examine the motives for AD filings by countries in an attempt to identify whether economic or strategic concerns are driving the recent upsurge in AD use. We begin by providing a comprehensive overview of the data on cases initiated in the 1980–1998 period. We then use nonparametric methods to identify motivations for the use of antidumping and find considerable support for strategic motivations. This suggests that the rise in AD activity cannot be solely explained by an increase in unfair trading practices.     

DO HMOS ENCOURAGE PREVENTION? AN ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE PLANS

We examine consumers' choice of preventive care and providers' choice of capacity (which affects the transaction costs of consuming health care) under alternative health care financing plans. We show that consumers choose Pareto-optimal prevention and providers choose optimal capacity under a pure feE-for-service (FFS) plan and under a mixed plan that includes an up-front fee and a fee for service. Under a pure prepaid plan, however, consumers may over- or underconsume prevention. In the former case, capacity restrictions under such a plan (e.g., long office waits, limited options) may be interpreted as a second-best response to overconsumption. We also find that the dollar costs of health care are higher under the prepaid plan. These conclusions cast doubt on some of the presumed advantages of HMOs.     

The Fossil Production Function in a Vintage Model

This paper extends the fossil production function to incorporate embodied technical change. The fossil production function provides an alternative to the standard neoclassical explanation for the aggregate production function. In a Classical Ricardian spirit, the paper assumes that capital-using, labour saving technical change prevails, and shows that it generates a fossil production function in Cobb-Douglas form. The power term of the production function mediates the viability of new machines. A sufficient condition for viability is that the power term equals or exceeds the profit share on new machines. Empirical estimates show that this sufficient condition is satisfied, a result inconsistent with the neoclassical interpretation of the aggregate production function.     

Control of unfair contract terms and social values: EC and Nordic approaches

The paper analyses the relationship between traditional market rational contract law and rules on the control of unfair contract terms. The question is asked to what extent Nordic and EC rules on such control express a radical departure from traditional contract values. As a background Nordic law is compared to the recently adopted EC Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts. The most important differences are that individually negotiated contracts as well as the essential terms of the contract are excluded from the scope of the Directive, exclusions which have no counterpart in Nordic law. The abstract and static approach of the Directive also differs from Nordic thinking.As to the question of the impact of these rules, the paper first focuses on the possibilities of the contractual fairness principle functioning as an instrument for redistribution of wealth. The EC Directive does not include this aim, as the contract balance is expressly left outside the scope of the Directive. Nordic law, which contains more possibilities in this respect, has mostly focused on deviators. Not even this adjustment-friendly milieu has exerted any general influence on the prevailing balance between contractual performances in the market. The fairness principle contains other social values as well, such as autonomy, responsibility, freedom, fair consequences, access to justice, security, and social responsibility. Many of these values, which in the welfarist contract law are interpreted materially, are in their formal form central also to the market society, based on the rule of law. The fairness principle, as understood in the EC Directive, does not in any radical way upset the traditional values of contract law.

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Die Kontrolle unlauterer Geschäftsbedingungen und gesellschaftliche Werte: Die Ansätze der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und der Nordischen Staaten

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert die Beziehung zwischen dem traditionellen marktrationalen Vertragsrecht und den Vorschriften gegen unlautere Geschäftsbedingungen. Er stellt die Frage, wie stark sich diese Regelungen der Nordischen Staaten und die der Europäischen Gemeinschaft von den traditionellen vertragsrechtlichen Prinzipien entfernen. Als Hintergrund wird das Nordische Recht mit der kürzlich verabschiedeten EG-Richtlinie über unfaire Bedingungen in Konsumentenverträgen verglichen. Der wichtigste Unterschied besteht darin, da\ individuell ausgehandelte Verträge ebenso wie essentienelle Bestandteile des Vertrages vom Anwendungsbereich der Direktive ausgeschlossen werden, ein Ausschlu\, der im Nordischen Recht keine Entsprechung hat. Der abstrakte und statische Ansatz der Direktive unterscheidet sich vom Nordischen Denken. Was die Wirkungen der Bestimmungen gegen unlautere Geschäftsbedingungen anlangt, so befa\t sich der Beitrag mit den Möglichkeiten des Prinzips der vertraglichen Fairne\ als Instrument für Wohlstandsumverteilung. Die EG-Richtlinie verfolgt dieses Ziel nicht, ebenso wie sie auch ausdrücklich das Prinzip des vertraglichen Gleichgewichtes nicht mit einbezieht. Nicht einmal aber das interventionistische Milieu des Nordischen Rechts hat irgendeinen allgemeineren Einflu\ auf das vorherrschende Gleichgewicht zwischen dem vertraglichen Marktergebnis beider Vertragsparteien ausgeübt. Hinter dem Fairne\-Prinzip stehen auch andere gesellschaftliche Werte, wie Autonomie, Verantwortlichkeit, Freiheit, Rechtsschutz, Sicherheit oder soziale Verantwortlichkeit. Viele dieser Werten werden im wohlfahrtsorientierten Vertragsrecht materiell interpretiert, sind aber in ihrem formalen Gehalt auch zentral für eine rechtsstaatlich fundierte Marktgesellschaft. Das Fairne\-Prinzip, so wie es die EG-Richtlinie versteht, stellt sich nicht grundlegend gegen die traditionellen Werte des Vertragsrechts.

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The paper was presented at the Fourth International Conference on Consumer Law in Buenos Aires, May 1993.     

Determinants of Land Use in Amazônia: A Fine-Scale Spatial Analysis

Wetter areas of the Amazon basin exhibit lower rates of agricultural conversion. Previous analyses, using relatively aggregate data on land cover, have been unable to determine the extent to which this reflects limited access versus unfavorable agroclimatic conditions. This article uses census-tract level data for the Brazilian Amazon to relate forest conversion and pasture productivity to precipitation, soil quality, infrastructure and market access, proximity to past conversion, and protection status. The probability that land is used for agriculture or intensively stocked with cattle declines markedly with increasing rainfall, other things equal.     

The Relations among Organizational and Distribution Forms and Capital and Asset Risk Structures in the Life Insurance Industry

This article is the first step toward integrating in a single framework two previously separate lines of research on major structural decisions of life insurers. The literature has previously studied the relation between capital structure and asset risk on the one hand, and the relation between organizational form and distribution system on the other hand, without integrating them. Using life insurer data for 1993–1999, we model the four key insurer decisions of capital structure, asset risk, organizational form, and distribution system as endogenous choices in a single interrelated set of simultaneous equations. The model assesses the nature of the interactions among these decisions. The model also assesses the impact of insurers' fundamental business strategy (treated as predetermined) on these choices. The business‐strategy hypothesis views other key decisions as jointly determined and driven by the fundamental business strategy, once the latter is set in motion. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive relation between capital ratios and asset risk. We also find an association in the simultaneous context between stock ownership and brokerage distribution, which was not found in prior studies. Stock ownership is related to greater financial and asset risk taking, whereas brokerage distribution is associated with lower risk taking. These and other results are interpreted in light of several theories, including transaction‐cost economics (TCE), agency theory, and regulatory and bankruptcy cost avoidance. Deriving from these theories, the finite risk paradigm emerges as the most comprehensive interpretation of the results, as opposed to the risk‐subsidy hypothesis of the impact of guarantee funds. We also find support for the notion that the business strategy drives the capital and distribution decisions, as predicted by TCE.