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941.
Contingent Valuation: Controversies and Evidence 总被引:47,自引:8,他引:39
Richard T. Carson Nicholas E. Flores Norman F. Meade 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2001,19(2):173-210
Contingent valuation (CV) has become one of the most widely usednon-market valuation techniques. CV's prominence is due to itsflexibility and ability to estimate total value, includingpassive use value. Its use and the inclusion of passive use valuein benefit-cost analyses and environmental litigation are thesubject of a contentious debate. This paper discusses key areasof the debate over CV and the validity of passive use value. Weconclude that many of the alleged problems with CV can beresolved by careful study design and implementation. We furtherconclude that claims that empirical CV findings are theoreticallyinconsistent are not generally supported by the literature. Thedebate over CV, however, has clarified several key issues relatedto nonmarket valuation and can provide useful guidance both to CVpractitioners and the users of CV results. 相似文献
942.
Customer satisfaction (CS) measurement has been widely advocated as central to the pursuit of market orientation, total quality management, and competitive advantage by allowing management to monitor and improve performance in the terms most significant to customers. However, relatively little analytical attention has been devoted to the processual issues implicit in the adoption of CS measurement systems by organizations. This paper presents executive workshop data and new survey evidence to support the contention that both research and managerial agenda should be extended to recognize the multi‐dimensionality of organizational process, and the implications of that characteristic for the adoption and use of CS measurement systems. 相似文献
943.
944.
Standard jackknife confidence intervals for a quantile Q
y
(β) are usually preferred to confidence intervals based on analytical variance estimators due to their operational simplicity.
However, the standard jackknife confidence intervals can give undesirable coverage probabilities for small samples sizes and
large or small values of β. In this paper confidence intervals for a population quantile based on several existing estimators of a quantile are derived.
These intervals are based on an approximation for the cumulative distribution function of a studentized quantile estimator.
Confidence intervals are empirically evaluated by using real data and some applications are illustrated. Results derived from
simulation studies show that proposed confidence intervals are narrower than confidence intervals based on the standard jackknife
technique, which assumes normal approximation. Proposed confidence intervals also achieve coverage probabilities above to
their nominal level. This study indicates that the proposed method can be an alternative to the asymptotic confidence intervals,
which can be unknown in practice, and the standard jackknife confidence intervals, which can have poor coverage probabilities
and give wider intervals. 相似文献
945.
The tourism industry in China has undergone rapid development since 1978 and is foreseen as being the world's largest tourism market by 2020. However, no comprehensive review of literature in this context has been completed, and international academics have little understanding of China tourism research. This paper aims to provide an overview of 119 articles selected from six leading English language academic journals published from 1978 to 2008. Content analysis points to the evolving trend in Asian universities in terms of journal contributions. Consumer behavior has gained popularity as a research topic, and will likely remain as a prevalent research theme in the near future. A tendency toward multiple-authorship, rather than single authorship, and more sophisticated methodological procedures has also been found. Future analysis may focus on including other forms of publications and Chinese language journals to capture the full picture of China tourism. 相似文献
946.
947.
In this paper, we develop a paleoeconomic model of the co-evolution of economic specialization and encephalization—the common physiological measure of intelligence as reflected by brain mass relative to total body mass. Our economic analysis links ecological and social intelligence theories of increased encephalization in early hominins through a model in which both economic and ecological feedbacks jointly determined the evolutionary incentives. We focus on degrees of specialization affected by coordination costs with and without market exchange. Our results suggest encephalization would be a process characterized by diminishing returns to behavioral advances. In terms of the long-running debate in economics over whether specialization increases or decreases intelligence, our results suggest from an evolutionary perspective the answer depends on economic/social institutions and how these influence ecological interactions. 相似文献
948.
Helen L Kelsall Caroline F. Finch 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(2):61-78
Aim The aim of this review was to determine the extent to which the effectiveness of countermeasures for preventing alpine skiing injuries has been evaluated. Methods The methodology involved a critical review based on the available international literature and sports equipment standards, as well as consultation with experts in the field. Where possible, the review focused on controlled trials. Results Key injury countermeasures in skiing identified in this review include physical conditioning programmes, ski-bindings and their timely release, professional adjustment of ski-bindings and the use of mechanical testing devices for this, design of ski pole handles, helmets for children (and adults), ski patrollers, skier education, speed control on the slopes and safe lifting equipment. A tabular categorisation of the types of evidence for the effectiveness of injury countermeasures is presented. This demonstrates that the weight of evidence is generally based on a combination of data-based or biomechanical testing evidence and informed opinion/anecdotal evidence. There is minimal evidence based on controlled trials in the field. The most evaluated countermeasures are ski bindings and ski pole handles. Properly adjusted ski bindings have the potential for a 3.5-fold reduction in lower extremity injuries, particularly knee injuries. Ski pole handle design needs further innovation and attention. An immediate concern is the generally poorer standard of children’s equipment, ski bindings and their adjustment. Conclusion Skiing is a sport that is growing in popularity, but with a need for controlled trials of its injury prevention countermeasures. This review provides a basis for further action in injury prevention research, development and implementation. 相似文献
949.
950.
Victoria L. Crittenden William F. Crittenden Linda K. Ferrell O. C. Ferrell Christopher C. Pinney 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(1):71-85
Utilizing Resource-Advantage Theory as the underlying theoretical foundation and drawing on literature from a variety of disciplines,
we develop a market-oriented sustainability framework. By incorporating sustainability into market orientation, the goal of
strategic alignment of sustainability with marketing strategies is achieved to create a competitive advantage. Three constructs
identified in the model are DNA, stakeholder involvement, and performance management. These three constructs are the drivers
of sustainability. DNA is used as an extended metaphor to clarify and illustrate the workings of an organization and how sustainability
may be implemented. This construct includes core ideology, dynamic capabilities, and societal engagement. The firm’s DNA is
communicated to both internal and external stakeholders, and stakeholders’ concerns should be an influence on strategic marketing
planning. Performance management is the third major construct in the model and includes corporate social performance and corporate
financial performance metrics. Within the model explication, we offer propositions to support market-oriented sustainability
research and provide directions for sustainability theory, research, and practice. 相似文献