全球化与国家间的收入差距：来自81个国家面板数据的实证分析

本文运用面板数据通过基于回归的不均等分解框架，研究了全球化对国家间收入差距的影响。这一框架不但可以帮助识别决定不均等的因素，还能量化这些因素对总的不均等的贡献。实证结果表明，用贸易和外商直接投资代表的全球化带来了不均等的上升，而贸易对不均等的贡献要大于外商直接投资。另外，全球化指标的绝对和相对贡献一直在持续增加。有趣的是，当我们根据收入水平对样本进行分组研究时发现，在过去二十多年中，高收入组国家间的不均等基本保持稳定，而低收入组国家间的收入差距则扩大了。在贸易方式上的巨大差别可以解释低收入国家间的收入发散。     

A comparison of six sampling schemes for price index construction in a COICOP food group

This article compares the behaviour of sampling techniques for price indices using a scanner data set as a model population. Indices produced by two purposive deterministic cut-off designs and four probabilistic sampling schemes are compared with each other and with the ‘true’ population index from the whole data set. We found that the two deterministic cut-off sampling schemes show much different behaviour from the probabilistic sampling schemes. This is not unexpected, as the former schemes have a very restricted focus with respect to the variety of products. We also found that the probabilistic schemes are generally closer to each other and the ‘true’ value than the deterministic cut-off designs. The jackknife resampling technique is also explored as a means of estimating the SE of the index and compared with the actual results from repeated sampling.     

Estimation of the effects of price on apartment water demand using cointegration and error correction techniques

Water price is a key instrument in regulating water demand in the residential sector. Many empirical studies have assessed the effects of price through quantifying the price elasticity of water demand. However, most of these studies have mainly focused on the single-family housing rather the multifamily housing. An in-depth understanding of the price elasticity of multifamily housing water demand is paramount for water planners in order to properly manage water use in the fast growing intensive housing developments in urban areas. This study investigates both the long-term and short-term price elasticities of water demand in the residential apartments in Auckland central city. Using 6 years of monthly time series data, the price elasticities were estimated through cointegration and error correction methods. The results showed that the price elasticities of water demand were ?0.14 and ?0.12 in the short term and the long term, respectively. The price is inelastic yet negative and statistically significant, thus it can play a role in demand management.     

Environmental management,nonmarket strategy,and firm performance in emerging markets: The case of ISO 14001

Firms use environmental management standards such as ISO 14001 to reduce the impact of business activity on the natural environment. Though these standards are widely celebrated on moral and ethical grounds, their implication for financial performance and competitiveness is equivocal. Drawing on neo-institutional theory, we conceptualize ISO 14001 as a nonmarket strategy and examine its impact on firm performance within the contexts of three highly polluted emerging markets – China, India, and Pakistan. Employing a rigorous event-study approach, we find that ISO 14001 certification has a negative impact on firms’ operating profitability and market value in both short and long runs. This negative impact appears to be stronger in contexts with weak institutions and poor environmental protection regimes. Further multivariate analyses show that the negative impact of ISO 14001 on firm performance is weaker among socially responsible firms and stronger among politically connected firms. These findings contribute to the environmental management literature. They also have practical implications for managers.