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31.
Theo Langheid 《保险科学杂志》2010,98(5):645-652
Starting with the question as to the extent to which the state may interfere with economic interests at all, a brief historical overview is given through to the regulations currently in force. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) remains neutral on this issue so that the question cannot be discussed as to whether regulations are at all conceivable and admissible but how far these can go. The noteworthy parameters of the German law on intensifying competition in the statutory health insurance system (GKV-WSG) are then highlighted: the collision of the reform of private health insurance law with the reform of the entire insurance contract law as well as the length of the individual provisions and the correlating remark of member of parliament Merz in the Cicero magazine according to which no single member of parliament had even a rudimentary understanding of he was actually deciding on. From the point of view of substantive law, the main “diseases” of the GKV-WSG are strikingly shown, including in particular the creation and design of the basic rate as well as non-terminability etc. Finally reference is made to the double balancing act with which the private health insurance system is confronted: on the one hand the statutory health insurance system with its allocation principle and the private health insurance system with it superior principle of equivalence that wakens the desires of 4/5 of the German population who live in a poorly functioning system; on the other hand the field of tension between individual and collective consumer protection, i.e. between the high standards which are to be created for individuals which are then ultimately to be borne by the collective. 相似文献
32.
This comment shows that the data cost game introduced in Dehez and Tellone (Journal of Public Economic Theory, 2013) coincides with the nonadditive component of the library cost game studied in Driessen, Khmelnitskaya, and Sales (TOP, 2012) where the core, nucleolus, and Shapley value were also investigated. 相似文献
33.
Theo K. Dijkstra 《Quality and Quantity》2014,48(6):3185-3193
For ridge regression the degrees of freedom are commonly calculated by the trace of the matrix that transforms the vector of observations on the dependent variable into the ridge regression estimate of its expected value. For a fixed ridge parameter this is unobjectionable. When the ridge parameter is optimized on the same data, by minimization of the generalized cross validation criterion or Mallows \(\hbox {C}_{L}\) , additional degrees of freedom are used however. We give formulae that take this into account. This allows of a proper assessment of ridge regression in competitions for the best predictor. 相似文献
34.
What are the costs and benefits of mandatory dividend rules? On the one hand, they make it harder for controlling shareholders to divert corporate assets. On the other hand, they reduce the internal funds available for firms to invest, possibly leading to the loss of valuable projects. To assess this trade-off, we look at investment and dividend decisions in a sample of public firms in Brazil. We show that a significant fraction of these firms use loopholes of Brazil's mandatory dividend rules to avoid paying dividends. And yet, the dividend rules are effective. They help explain why the average dividend yield in Brazil is higher than in the U.S., without making it harder for firms to invest. 相似文献
35.
This study focuses on the dynamics of the gold price against bonds, stocks and exchange rates based on a disaggregation of the underlying relationships across different frequencies applying a wavelet decomposition. To analyze joint extreme movements (i.e. tail dependence), we adopt a copula approach, which helps us to assess the dependence between the returns of gold and other assets in calm and turmoil market times and therefore the hedge and safe haven functions of gold. We also examine whether gold prices are directly affected by changes in macroeconomic uncertainty, economic policy uncertainty and/or CPI forecasters disagreement. Analyzing data for nine economies for a sample period starting in 1985, we find that the role of gold changes significantly after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008. Gold is unable to serve as a hedge or safe haven in the classical sense while the findings for the period prior to 2008 mostly suggest that gold is able to shield investors. Uncertainty measures display a surprising and time-varying relationship with the path of the gold price. While economic policy uncertainty is positively correlated with gold price changes, macroeconomic uncertainty and inflation uncertainty among forecasters are both negatively related to gold price changes. 相似文献
36.
Theo SPARREBOOM 《Revista Internacional del Trabajo》2018,137(1):69-88
En este artículo se cuantifican los niveles de segregación ocupacional entre el trabajo a tiempo parcial y a tiempo completo según los datos de la Encuesta Europea de Población Activa para quince países europeos, tratando de identificar algunos determinantes de la segregación mediante un análisis de regresión con tres grupos de indicadores (cantidad de empleo, calidad del empleo y factores institucionales). Por lo general, la segregación ocupacional por horas de trabajo es más alta para los hombres que para las mujeres y más alta para los trabajadores jóvenes que para los adultos. Así como entre los hombres la segregación se correlaciona solamente con la cantidad de empleo, en el caso de las mujeres adultas y los trabajadores jóvenes inciden variables asociadas a los tres grupos de indicadores. 相似文献
37.
This article draws on a survey of over 400 employees in two privatised companies. It examines the relationship between the depth of share ownership and social class and prior political orientations, and suggests that employee attitudes are best understood as a function of these standard sociological factors. 相似文献
38.
The influence of business strategy on new product activity: The role of market orientation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruud T. Frambach Jaideep Prabhu Theo M. M. Verhallen 《International Journal of Research in Marketing》2003,20(4):377-397
In this paper, we propose that business strategy influences new product activity both directly and indirectly via its influence on market orientation. Accordingly, we develop a framework linking firms' relative emphasis on cost leadership, product differentiation and focus strategies to firms' customer and competitor orientation as well as their new product development and introduction activity. We use this framework to develop a simultaneous equations model that is tested on survey data from 175 Dutch firms of varying size and across different industries in the manufacturing sector. The surprising findings are that a greater emphasis on a focus strategy results in a decreased emphasis on customer orientation and that competitor orientation has a negative direct influence on new product activity and an indirect positive effect via customer orientation. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice. 相似文献
39.
Strictly proper scoring rules are designed to truthfully elicit subjective probabilistic beliefs from risk neutral agents. Previous experimental studies have identified two problems with this method: (i) risk aversion causes agents to bias their reports toward the probability of \(1/2\), and (ii) for moderate beliefs agents simply report \(1/2\). Applying a prospect theory model of risk preferences, we show that loss aversion can explain both of these behavioral phenomena. Using the insights of this model, we develop a simple off-the-shelf probability assessment mechanism that encourages loss-averse agents to report true beliefs. In an experiment, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this modification in both eliminating uninformative reports and eliciting true probabilistic beliefs. 相似文献
40.
The hallmark of the voluminous growth determinants literature is the absence of a clear‐cut effect of trade on growth. Numerous candidate regressors have been motivated by alternative theories and tested by a multitude of empirical studies, but not one trade regressor has been robustly related to growth. In this paper, we leverage Melitz's (2003) insights regarding sectoral export dynamics and Feenstra and Kee's (2008) approach to productivity and sectoral export diversity to propose a structured approach to trade and growth determinants. Instead of relying on aggregate trade measures as previous studies have done, we examine the diversity of sectoral exports and the development of broad‐based comparative advantage as a potential growth determinant. Controlling for model uncertainty and endogeneity, we find that export diversity serves as a crucial growth determinant for low‐income countries, an effect that weakens with the level of development. 相似文献