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101.
    
A truism in the marketing literature, and among many marketing practitioners, is that requiring consumers to wait negatively impacts quality evaluations, purchase intentions and a range of other important outcomes. However, it is also true that consumer waiting or queuing has historically been considered from an operations perspective. The present research takes a different approach and examines waits in the context of their ability to function as a signal of quality. Four experiments demonstrate a required wait can indeed signal quality to consumers and increase, rather than decrease, both purchase intentions and actual experienced satisfaction. Three moderators of this effect are examined: preexisting knowledge, consumption motivations, and the extent to which quality is difficult to objectively determine. The results suggest in situations where quality is important, unknown or ambiguous, managers may increase consumer satisfaction by making consumers wait.  相似文献   
102.
    
At the end of 1982 output in the world economy was still falling, although there were signs that the decline had very nearly run its course. We expect a radual recovery to begin in the first half o f 1983. Unlike the recovery which began in the late summer of 1980, when inflation was still in double figures, any upturn in 1983 would be set against a background of declining inflationary expectations and weak oil prices. IJ. as we expect, a falling inflation rate proves a decisive factor in keeping interest rates on a downward path, we forecast that the output will gather pace in I983 and rise reasonably strongly in 1984. Of the 4 per cent rise in industrial production which we foresee in 1984. a large part is due to the fall in real oil prices.  相似文献   
103.
    
The strength of US domestic demand is exerting a very strong pull on the world economy. Japan in particular is benefiting from soaring export demand, but the effects on European exports have been offset by weak domestic demand and, in the case of West Germany and the UK, by damaging industrial disputes which have interrupted supply. Over the next 12 months we expect the US economy to slow down under the weight of the financial and external balance pressures, which two years of very rapid but unbalanced growth have built up. For the world economy, however, we expect the slowdown in the US to be counterbalanced by expanding domestic demand in Europe and Japan, especially if a lower dollar permits reductions in interest rates. We forecast world output growth of about 3 per cent next year, well below the near-5 per cent projected for 1984 - the cyclical peak. By the second half of 1985 the world recovery will be three years old and we expect a pause in the growth of output. Against a background of stable monetary growth we expect world inflation in the 5–6 per cent range over the medium term. This is consistent with some increase in US inflation, low and stable inflation in Japan and West Germany and further progress in reducing inflation in countries such as France and Italy. Our forecast is based on the assumption that the dollar falls next year. If it does not fail we believe there is a significant risk of slower growth.  相似文献   
104.
    
Joan Robinson 《Kyklos》1980,33(2):219-229
Everyday, in real life, the past is irrevocable and the future predicted with a margin of uncertainty. In a theoretical model, time can be frozen but it is a common error to confuse a comparison of static positions with a movement between them. E. H. Carr claims that historians and natural scientist are alike in having given up the search for grand ‘laws’ and are now content to try to learn ‘how things happen’. To improve the status of economics it is necessary to get rid of logical contradictions, which involves eliminating the concept of static equilibrium; to guard against conception by ideological prejudice and to use the study of history, as it unfolds, to check up on the hypotheses that theory suggests.  相似文献   
105.
The risk structure of the interest rates literature shows that coupon effects can cause changes in yield spreads as maturity lengthens. These effects make it difficult to empirically isolate the default risk component of the spread for coupon-paying bonds. Attempts to calculate zero-coupon risk structures suffer from the relative scarcity of zero-coupon corporate bonds. We show that yield spreads for coupon-paying bonds that are identical except for default risk decompose into a relative duration component, a premium discount coupon component, and a default component. We present closed-form solutions for measuring the first two components so that the default risk portions can be isolated as residuals. We further present an empirical application of the decomposition metrics for sixteen exchange-traded serial issues and nonparametrically examine the relation between the default premia and maturity. We find various maturity relations.  相似文献   
106.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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107.
    
This article is concerned with the existence of states as a matter of fact, and it approaches that subject within the context of the ontology of social reality as a whole. It argues, first, that states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Second, that states belong to a third category – the quasi-abstract – that has received philosophical attention with a recently emerging theory of documentality. Documentality, derived from Austin’s theory of performative utterances, claims that documents acts can bring quasi-abstract objects, such as states into being. Third and finally, it argues that the existence of quasi-abstract states should not be rejected on the basis of the Principle of Parsimony, because geopolitical theories that recognise the existence of quasi-abstract states will have greater explanatory power than theories that deny their existence.  相似文献   
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