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101.
We describe the evolution of public investment and public capital stocks in Europe over the past three decades. Against this background, we analyse the macroeconomic determinants of public investment, with a special focus on its long‐term trend. We find that public investment has been determined by national income, the stance of budgetary policies and fiscal sustainability considerations. Neither the cost of financing nor the fiscal rules embodied in EMU have had a systemic impact on public investment. The significant downtrend that characterises the evolution of public investment in non‐cohesion countries is chiefly determined by drawn‐out episodes of fiscal consolidation, unrelated to EMU. 相似文献
102.
We study the determinants of the life convertible bonds' life span issued between 1980 and 1998. About 60% of the bonds survive either to a call or to their maturity. The issuers of the remaining bonds are delisted during the life of their bonds. Calls and delistings shorten the average life span of convertibles from the original 17 years to an effective life span of only seven years. Issuer's post‐issuance performance and investment behavior affect the effective life of convertibles. Our results support the sequential financing hypothesis, as bonds issued by firms with speedier investment schedules have shorter life spans. 相似文献
103.
This paper explores an intermediate route between the Fisher and the Malmquist productivity indexes so as to minimize data requirements and assumptions about economic behavior of production units and their production technology. Assuming quantity data of inputs and outputs and the behavioral hypothesis of allocative efficiency, we calculate the exact value of the Fisher ideal productivity index using implicit shadow prices revealed by the choice of input–output mix. The approach is operationalized by means of a nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. Empirical application to Finnish grass silage farms suggests that the Malmquist and the Fisher productivity indices yield similar results when averaged over firms, but there can be major differences in the results of the two approaches at the level of individual firms. 相似文献
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106.
Paakki Jouni Janne Huiskonen Timo Pirttilä 《International Journal of Production Economics》2011,133(1):164-171
Spare parts inventory management is a complex problem and in most cases part categorization is needed to create a manageable number of control groups to focus management efforts more effectively. Usually multi-dimensional or multi-criteria classifications are used, and there are several examples of classification schemes available in the literature. The complexity increases even more when taking into consideration that a distribution chain consists of many parties. Thus, in addition to internal inventory control factors, external factors such as supplier performance, customer behavior and related demand patterns affect the controllability of the various parts.In the paper we try to expand existing classification schemes that cover only one part of the supply chain into a decision tool covering three sides of the chain: the company's distribution center with its internal processes, supplier with supply processes and customer with demand processes. The complexity that is created by the expanded view is reduced by considering two separate links: demand link and supply link. At first the links are analyzed separately considering the most relevant factors of each one and afterwards they are combined into a categorization matrix to classify the parts.The categorization scheme is tested in a large international company for improving its spare parts distribution chain performance. In the case company's demand link, part value and demand variability were used as the factors to create seven categories. In supply link, three categories are created by using availability risk of the material as the categorizing factor. The spare parts distribution chain performance is analyzed with service performance and stock-out cost key performance indicators before and after improvement actions. Finally, it is discussed how widely the insights from the case experience can be generalized towards developing a generic management tool for such a complex situation. 相似文献
107.
Nonparametric Efficiency Analysis under Price Uncertainty: A First-Order Stochastic Dominance Approach 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper extends the nonparametric approach to efficiency analysis to deal with uncertainty of input-output prices. We generalize the notion of economic efficiency to derive necessary and sufficient first-order stochastic dominance (FSD) efficiency conditions. Interestingly, the FSD conditions include as limiting cases the traditional conditions for economic efficiency and technical efficiency. Furthermore, we propose empirical tests for these FSD conditions, which require minimal assumptions concerning the preferences of the decision-maker and the statistical distribution of the prices. From operational point of view, the FSD conditions can be tested empirically using standard mathematical programming techniques. An empirical application to the Dutch electricity distribution sector illustrates the approach. 相似文献
108.
Timo Teräsvirta 《Empirical Economics》1995,20(4):577-597
This paper considers modelling the annual logarithmed per capita gross national product of the United States in 1889–1987. Some authors have suggested that the parameters of the process generating the data have changed over time but formal parameter constancy tests do not support this argument. The series turns out to be nonlinear and can be adequately characterized by an exponential smooth transition autoregressive model. For comparison, a detrended series is also considered, found nonlinear and modelled using a logistic smooth transition autoregressive model. The behaviour of the estimated models is discussed, and it is seen that nonlinearity is needed to describe the response of the process to exceptionally large exogenous shocks. The properties of the models are further investigated by forecasting several years ahead, and the forecasts are compared with those from other linear and nonlinear models. 相似文献
109.
A tremendous amount of research examines US mutual funds, but fund markets also thrive in other countries. However, research about these fast growing markets is lacking. This study addresses Finnish funds. Fast growth of the Finnish fund industry, strong bank dominance in the industry and recent EU membership make it an interesting market to examine. The Finnish fund market is also of particular interest since it had the fastest growth among the EU countries during 1996–2000. We find evidence that bank‐managed and older funds charge higher expenses but investors are not compensated for paying higher expenses with higher risk‐adjusted returns, suggesting a potential agency problem. Overall, Finnish fund expenses have decreased over time, consistent with EU membership reducing market segmentation and generating competition. 相似文献
110.