SME credit constraints in Asia’s rising economic star: fresh empirical evidence from Vietnam

This study provides a fresh look at the SME sector’s economic backbone vis-à-vis credit constraint dichotomy in Vietnam—Asia’s rising economic star. The study uses data from the Survey of Manufacturing SMEs in Vietnam from 2005 to 2013 and adopts a two-step Heckman modelling strategy to single out firms with formal financing needs that are credit constrained. Results show that several characteristics—including firm size, investment, financial assets, leverage, equity, registration, gender of owner, age, and education—significantly affect the likelihood of either credit constraints or demand. The main results do not change even when the issue of endogeneity is dealt with. Particularly, we provide evidence that unobserved factors that increase the probability of debt demand also increase the probability of being constrained. Policy implications are discussed.     

Climate-resilient practices and welfare impacts on rice-cultivating households in Vietnam: Does joint adoption of multiple practices matter?

Farmers have a long history of adjusting their production practices in response to changing production conditions. Using a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model that accounts for observable and unobservable heterogeneity, this study investigates the adoption and welfare impacts of climate-resilient practices on Vietnamese rice-cultivating households. We found evidence of clear and positive welfare impacts from the adoption of canal irrigation (CI) and the joint adoption of agricultural conservation practices (CP) and CI as the main adaptation strategies to increase water stress. More importantly, although farmers with access to CI systems obtained the highest returns, the joint adoption of multiple practices still had substantially high adoption rates and significantly positive effects on rice yield, rice revenue and household income. Our findings indicate that farms' and farmers' characteristics, market information and climatic conditions are generally the main factors driving rice farmers' decisions to adopt climate-resilient technologies, both individually and jointly. Follow-up policy interventions should focus on improving CI systems and promoting the joint adoption of climate-resilient technologies to improve rice farmers' well-being and enhance their resilience capacity to cope with incoming climatic uncertainty.     

Tourism students’ motivational orientations: the case of Vietnam

The availability of skilled labor and institutions of higher education that can contribute to human capacity building are prerequisites for tourism-dependent nations like Vietnam. The exploration of students’ motivations is one way in which the role of institutions of higher education in capacity building and tourism development can be further understood. This research explores students’ motivational orientations related to enrollment in tourism degree programs in Vietnam. Three key categories emerged: enthusiasm for travel and tourism; employment; and contribution to national industry. The findings are linked to the basic psychological needs of self-determination theory, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness.     

Measuring asymmetry and persistence in conditional volatility in real output: evidence from three East Asian tigers using a multivariate GARCH approach

We search for evidence of conditional volatility in the quarterly real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates of three East Asian tigers: Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The widely accepted Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH)-type model is used to capture the existence of asymmetric volatility and the potential structural break points in the volatility. We find evidence of asymmetry and persistence in the volatility of GDP growth rates. It is noted that the structural breakpoints of volatility correspond reasonably well to the historical economic and political events in these economies. Policy implications from our findings are discussed.     

Access to Preferential Loans for Poverty Reduction and Rural Development: Evidence from Vietnam

Preferential loans play an important role in the process of reducing poverty in developing countries. Considering the data set from the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey, we aim to examine the influential factors in probability of households getting access to preferential loans. Additionally, we analyze the determinants of household income in association with the loans by applying a quantile regression model. Our results show that ethnicity-related factors have the largest marginal effect on the access to preferential loans. The results from the quantile regression model demonstrate that the debt factor has a deeper impact on the borrowing group at the lower quantiles of household income.     

Revealed Preferences for Risky Assets in Imperfect Markets

In this paper, the ara and rra of over 12,000 Canadian households are directly measured using a theoretical framework for imperfect capital markets which was first proposed (but not tested) by Blume and Friend (1975). The ols relationships between ara (or rra) and net wealth are also estimated, and tested for homogeneity, for the total sample and for various subsamples thereof. The robustness of the empirical results are also examined by using two measures of net wealth, and before- and after-tax, nominal and real returns. The empirical results support the Arrow (1971) and Pratt (1964) conjectures that households have utility functions which exhibit increasing (or constant) rra and decreasing ara. They also support the Friend and Blume (1975) and Siegel and Hoban (1982) findings of approximately constant (but increasing) rra and increasing rra, respectively. Except perhaps for the most wealthy stratum of households, the empirical results do not support Arrow's conjecture that the rra of a representative investor is approximately equal to unity. The analysis ofcovariance results strongly imply that the risk aversion behaviour of households depends not only on net wealth but also on various socio-demographic characteristics such as the age of the household head and the regional location of the household. This heterogeneity in the risk aversion behaviour of households has many important economic, investment management and public policy implications. Résumé Dans cette étude le ara et le rra de plus de douze mille foyers canadiens sont directement mesurés a l'aide d'un cadfre théorique conçu pour des marchés en capitaux imparfaits qui a été proposép pour la première fois (mais non vérifié) par Blume et Friend et 1975. Les rapports ols entre le ara (ou rra) et la richesse nette sont également estimés et vérifiés pour leur homogénéité pour l'échantillon total et ses divers sous-echantillons. Les résultats empiriques probants sont également examinés à l'aide de deux mesures de la richesse et du rendement nominal et réel avant et après impǒt. Les résultats empiriques appuient les suppositions de Arrow (1971) et Pratt (1964) selon lesquels les ménages comportent des fonctions d'utilité démontrant un rra croissant (ou constant) et un ara décroissant ainsi que les conclusions respectives de Friend and Blume (1975) et Siegel and Hoban (1982) d'un rra approximativement constant (mais croissant) et d'un rra croissant. A l'exception des ménages les plus riches, peut-ětre, les résultats empiriques ne corroborent pas la conjecture de Arrow selon laquelle le rra d'un investisseur représentatif est approximativement égal à une unité. Les résultats de l'analyse de covariance supposent très fortement que l'aversion au risque dans les ménages depend non seulement de la richesse nette mais aussi de caractéristiques socio-démographiques comme l'ǎge du chef de famille et la situation régionale du ménage. Cette hétérogénéité dans le comportement d'aversion au risque des ménages comporte de nombreuses implications importantes sur le plan économique, administratif et politique.