Returns on Investments in Energy-saving Technologies Under Energy Price Uncertainty in Dutch Greenhouse Horticulture

Conventional net presentvalue calculations evaluating the profitabilityof investments in energy-saving technologies inDutch horticultural outlays predict a muchhigher rate of adoption of these technologiesthan is actually observed. This paper tries toexplain this gap by applying a real optionsframework. Hurdle rates for investments in twotypes of energy-saving technology are estimatedusing simulated future revenue streams, givenuncertainty regarding energy prices and energytax policies. Hurdle rates found in this wayare on average about 1.76 times the hurdlerates that result from net present valuecalculations. Furthermore, this paper tests thepredictive value of the theory by estimating alogit model. This model relates the incidenceof having invested in an energy-savingtechnology to the difference between the returnon investment and the hurdle rate. Thepredictive power turns out to be encouraging,as the statistical tests indicate that higherhurdle rates tend to reduce rates of technologyadoption.     

The Swedish Model: Relevant for Other European Countries?

By the late 1970s, supply-side theory had become something of a new economic orthodoxy. From the supply-side perspective, labour market inflexibility explains mass unemployment. In this context the presumably greater flexibility of the labour market in the USA was seen as an explanation of its superior employment record relative to European economies. Unlike most European countries, Sweden, which is highly regulated, does reasonably well in employment terms. The authors conclude that the Swedish model has proved its value with regard to labour market policy, especially with regard to the duration of unemployment, and that the Swedish model still contains relevant characteristics for other European countries. Active labour market policy is a way out of the unemployment trap. The active labour market policy may serve as an alternative for deregulation in order to augment the flexibility of the labour market.     

European Economic and Monetary Integration and the Euro

Recent developments in economic cooperation in Europe are discussed in this article. The launch of the euro on 1 January 2002 will increase the impact of this cooperation in the world economy.     

Financial Distress with Family Farm Transfer in Six European Countries

Financial Distress with Family Farm Transfer in Six European Countries Many potential young farmers face the difficult choice between farming or a city career. An important criterion in this decision is the financial distress that goes with farming. We compared the financial distress after take-over of family farms by the next generation, in six European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The principles of inheritance and succession and the fiscally appraised value of the farm have a large impact on the transfer price, and therefore on the installation costs. A transfer price below the fiscally appraised value results in gift taxes. The financial distress ratio is a ratio of the yearly interest and rent burden of the installation costs to agricultural income. Besides the installation costs, rent prices and the average interest rate determine the differences in the ratio among countries. The combination of high transfer prices with a high interest rate, together with the lowest agricultural income of the six countries, resulted in the hardest situation for Danish successors. A policy to reduce the fiscally appraised value of the farm would most aid successors. Such a policy would reduce transfer prices and reduce or avoid gift taxes and thereby cut installation costs for successors. La pression financeère sur les exploitations familiales dans six pays de la communauté européenne La plgpart des jeunes agriculteurs potentiels se trouvent confrpntés entre l'agriculture et une carrière urbaine. Au moment de prendre cette décision, un critère de choix important est la pression financeère qui est associée à l'agriculture. Nous avons compareé la pression financeère consécutive à un changement de génération dans des exploitations familiales de six pays européens:Danemark, France, Allemagne, Espagne, Pays-Bas et Grande Bretagne. Les régimes successoraux auxquels sont soumis les héritages et l'accroissement de la valeur fiscale de la terre ont un impact important sur les droits de mutation, ainsi que, par conséquent, sur les coûts d'installation. Un transfert pour une valeur infèrieure à la valeur fiscale conduit à payer un impôt sur les donations. Le coefficient de pression financeère mesure le rapport entre le revenu agricole et les charges financeères liées à l'installation, intérêt et annuityés de remboursement confondus. Les variations de ce coefficient d'un pays à l'autre dépendent du prix du fermage et du taux d'intérêt, en plus évidemment des frais d'installation. La conjonction entre d'un côté des frais de mutation et d'intérêt élevés, de l'autre les revenus agricoles les plus bas des six pays place les jeunes successeurs danois dans la situation la moins favorable. Une politique qui consisterait à réduire la valeur fiscale des exploitations serait de nature a favoriser les successions. Elle réduirait les coûts de transfert, et éviterait ou allegèrait les impôts sur les donations, diminuant par là les charges liées aux mutations. Finanzielle Notlage bei der Hofübergabe von Familienbetrieben in sechs europäischen Ländern iele designierte Hofnachfolger sehen ich in der schwierigen Lage, sich der Landwirtschaft und einer außerlandwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit entscheiden zu müssen. Ein bedeutendes Kriterium bei der Entscheidungsfindung ist die finanzielle Notlage, welche die Landwirtschaft mit sich bringt. Wir verglichen die finanzielle Notlage nach Übernahme des Familienbetriebs von der nachfolgenden Generation in den folgenden sechs europäischen Ländern: Dänemark, Frankreich, Deutschland, Spanien, die Niederlande und Großbritannien. Die Grundsätze der Erbfolge und die steuerliche Bewertung des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebes haben großen Einfluss auf den Übernahmepreis und somit auf die Betriebseinrichtungskosten, Bei einem Übernahmepreis unterhalb der steuerlichen Bewertung fallen Schenkungssteuern an. Die Verhältniszahl der finanziellen Notlage sei definiert als das Verhältnis der jährlichen Zinsen der Betriebseinrichtungskosten und der Pachten zum landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen. Außer den Betriebseinrich tungskosten bestimmen Pachtpreise und durchschnittlicher Zinssatz die Unterschiede in dieser Verhältniszahl zwischen den einzelnen Ländern. Die Kombination aus hohen Übernahmepreisen und einem hohen Zinssatz in Verbindung mit dem geringsten landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen aller sechs Länder führte dazu, dass sich für dänische Hoferben die schwierigste Situation ergab. Eine Politik, welche die steuerliche Bewertung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe verringert, käme den meisten Hoferben zu Gute. Eine solche Politik würde die Übernahmepreise senken und die Schenkungssteuern verringern odergar vermeiden und somit die Betriebseinrichtun gskosten für Hoferben verringern.     

Exploratory Study of the Measurement Scales for the Perceived Image and Advertising Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers in a Tourism Context

This article presents an exploratory study of the scales used to measure the perceived image and advertising effectiveness of celebrity endorsers in a tourism context. The respondents are tourists from mainland China who were exposed to manipulated tourism destination advertisements. The results indicate that the dimension of trustworthiness is not as distinct as has been proposed, and the framework was modified accordingly. The revised model achieved an acceptable fit and is deemed appropriate for follow-up studies.     

Let’s Get Real (Time)! The potential of real-time marketing to catalyze the sharing of brand messages

Abstract

Social media are increasingly populated with brand messages that are linked to timely events, a practice that is also known as real-time marketing (RTM). In this study, we examine whether RTM is an effective strategy to boost sharing behaviour, and if so, what moment- and content-related characteristics contribute to its effectiveness. A content analysis of brand tweets from Nielsen’s top-100 advertisers (n?=?1500) shows that RTM positively affects word of mouth. RTM is especially a more effective strategy when brand messages are linked with unpredictable events (vs. predictable). This can be explained by the meaningfulness dimension of creativity; brands make a more meaningful connection to timely moments in unpredictable RTM than in predictable RTM. Furthermore, we found support for the beneficial effects of moment-driven visuals; RTM messages are shared more when public events are visually integrated with those messages. No such effect was found for moment-driven hashtags.