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201.
Victoria Chick 《Review of World Economics》1973,109(4):621-643
Zusammenfassung Die finanziellen Aspekte von Sparen und Investieren und die Inkonsistenz einiger einfacher Makro-Modelle. — Ein System, in
dem die finanziellen Aspekte der effektiven Nachfrage explizit gemacht werden, wird entwickelt und als Grundlage für die Kritik
einiger gebr?uchlicher statischer MakroModelle verwendet: des IS-LM-Modells, des Modells, das die permanente Einkommenshypothese
benutzt, und eines Modells, das eine Ersparnis-Verm?gensrelation enth?lt. Diese kritische Würdigung zeigt, da\, wenn die Finanzen
ausdrücklich in die Betrachtung einbezogen werden, die Modelle dynamisch sind und die ?Gleichgewichtsl?sung? nur für einen
Zeitpunkt gilt. Au\erdem führen die Interdependenzen, die durch die Einbeziehung der finanziellen Aspekte geschaffen werden,
zu unannehmbaren Nachfragefunktionen auf dem Markt, der unter Berufung auf das Walrassche Gesetz au\er Betracht blieb. Es
wird gezeigt, da\ diese Probleme nicht bei solchen Modellen auftreten, die nur die Anteile der verschiedenen Formen der Verm?genshaltung
am Gesamtverm?gen bestimmen wollen und nicht sein absolutes Niveau. Sie fehlen auch bei einem Modell, das auf dem Prinzip
der Bestandsanpassung basiert, in dem also Stromgr?\en direkt auf Bestandsungleichgewichte zurückgeführt werden.
Résumé Les contreparties financières de l’épargne et de l’investissement et l’incontinence dans quelques modèles macro-économiques. — Un système qui éclaircit bien l’aspect financier de la demande effective est développé et employé comme fondament de quelques modèles statiques et macro-économiques en usage commun: les modèles SI-LM et de revenu permanent et, en outre, un modèle qui incorpore la relation entre l’épargne et la fortune. L’appréciation critique montre que les modèles sont dynamiques et que la solution d’équilibre n’est valable que pour un moment si les finances sont considérées expressément. En outre, les interdépendances créées par l’inclusion des finances conduisent aux fonctions de la demande inacceptables sur le marché qui fut omi en se référant à la loi de Walras. Il est montré que ces problèmes n’apparaissent pas aux modèles qui déterminent seulement la relation entre les actifs différents et pas leurs niveaux absolus. Ils manquent aussi dans un modèle dérivé du principe d’ajustement des stocks, dans lequel les flux sont rapportés directement aux déséquilibres des stocks.
Resumen La concordancia financiera del ahorro y la inversión y su divergencia en modelos macroeconómicos simples. — El autor elabora un sistema que incluye la parte financiera de la demanda efectiva y que se utiliza como base para algunos modelos macroeconómicos estáticos y comunes, como lo son por ejemplo los modelos IS-LM, los modelos del ingreso permanente y un modelo que incluye la relación entre ahorros y patrimonio. La evaluación crftica demuestra que los modelos son dinámicos y que la ?solución de equilibrio? sólo vale para un breve momento, si se tienen en cuenta explicitamente los aspectos financieros. Además, las interdependencias que resultan de la inclusión de las finanzas originan funciones de demanda inadmisibles en el mercado, del cual se hizo caso omiso invocando la ley walrasiana. El autor demuestra que estos problemas no surgen en modelos que únicamente determinan la relación entre las distintas formas en que se tiene el partimonio, y no sus valores absolutos. Tampoco surgen en un modelo que se deriva del ?stock adjustment principle? y en el que ingresos se aplican directamente a los desequilibrios de existencias.
Riassunto Corrispondenze finanziarie di risparmio ed investimenti e la loro non concordanza in alcuni macro-modelli semplici. — Viene sviluppato un sistema che chiarisce in pieno l’aspetto fmanziario della domanda effettiva e viene impiegato come base per un macro-modello statico di uso generale, cioè per i modelli IS-LM, per permanenti modelli di reddito e per un modello che includa il rapporto risparmiopatrimonio. Questo apprezzamento critico mostra che i modelli sono dinamici e che la ?soluzione di equilibrio? è valida solo per un breve momento, se le finanze sono espressamente comprese nella considerazione. Inoltre le interdipendenze, che sono create mediante le inclusioni delle finanze, conducono, a causa dell’inosservanza della legge di Walras, ad inaccettabili funzioni di domanda sul mercato. Viene mostrato che questi problemi non compaiono in modelli che determinano soltanto il rapporto del patrimonio tenuto in diverse forme e non i suoi livelli assoluti. Essi mancano anche in un modello che è derivato dal principio di ?adattamento delle scorte? (?stock adjustment?-principle) in cui gli afflussi vengono riferiti direttamente agli squilibri di scorte.相似文献
202.
Bradley VM 《Nursing economic$》2005,23(1):14-24, 3
The causes of emergency department crowding (EDC), and the outcomes and strategies for resolution are reviewed. This is a call to the nursing profession to elevate EDC on hospital, community, and national agendas to garner resources to restore timely emergency care. 相似文献
203.
Foreign presence and efficiency in transition economies 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Victoria Kravtsova 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2008,29(2):91-102
This paper presents empirical evidence on the role of foreign presence in the performance of domestic manufacturing firms
in five Central and Eastern European countries. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate a frontier for each sector
with similar technology common for five transition countries in the sample − Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
Following Simar and Wilson (J Econom 136(1):31–64, 2007), this study applies a truncated regression and bootstrap technique in a second stage post-DEA analysis. Some evidence is
found to support the hypothesis that foreign presence has an overall positive spillover effects on the performance of domestic
firms. 相似文献
204.
Analysing the market–book value relation in large Australian and US firms: implications for fundamental analysis and the market–book ratio
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This study compares the market–book relation of Australian and US firms using firm‐level dynamic analysis of using annual data for a long‐run period in error correction modelling. This paper contributes to a recent call for alternative ways of estimating Ohlson‐type linear valuation models (Ohlson and Kim, 2015). Log transformations of the data are used in this study to improve the statistical properties of the models. This study contributes to the findings on linear valuation model estimation for long‐run firms. Based on the returns model estimation, we find evidence of a higher level of co‐integration between market and book values for Australian firms. 相似文献
205.
Diana Gregory-Smith Victoria K. Wells Danae Manika David J. McElroy 《Journal of Sustainable Tourism》2017,25(7):1042-1059
ABSTRACTFollowing Pawson and Tilley's principles of realist evaluation and the context–mechanism–outcome (CMO) framework, this paper conducts a process evaluation of an environmental social marketing intervention in a heritage tourism organisation. Social marketing and employee environmental interventions have received relatively scant attention in tourism. Additionally, prior literature mostly focused on the evaluation of intervention outcomes (i.e. how far the intervention produces precise targeted outcomes) and ignores the importance of process evaluation (i.e. identifying what works, for whom, under which circumstances and how, plus issues of intervention maintenance). This paper fills this literature gap using realist evaluation theory and academic perspectives, as well as via the reflections of practitioners involved in intervention design and delivery. Findings suggest that a good understanding of the tourism and organisational context (regarding the dimensions of structure, culture, agency and relations) and the use of tailored, action-focused mechanisms (for each context dimension) are critical to achieving transformational outcomes in environmental interventions in cultural heritage organisations. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the CMO is a useful framework for assessing environmental social marketing interventions in tourism (both for heritage and other tourism organisations). Implications for tourism practice and further research directions are also discussed. 相似文献
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Jorge M. Oliveira-Castro Victoria K. James Roberta H.B.F. Pohl Moema B. Dias Shing W. Chang 《The Service Industries Journal》2013,33(4):445-461
The relation between consumer-based brand equity and brand performance was investigated across 15 product categories in Brazil and the UK. Brand equity was conceptualized as related to the level of social benefit offered by each brand and was measured with a simple questionnaire that asked consumers to rate brands with respect to their familiarity and quality levels. These measures were then related to brand market share and revenue. Results showed that the relation between consumer-based brand equity and brand performance varies across product categories, indicating that products differ with respect to their level of brandability and suggesting ways to measure it. 相似文献