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71.
We analyze the distribution of market income in Germany in the period 1992 to 2003 on the basis of an integrated dataset that encompasses the whole spectrum of the population, from the very poor to the very rich. We find a modest increase of the Gini coefficient, a substantial drop of median income and a remarkable growth of the income share accruing to the economic elite, which we define as the richest 0.001 percent of persons in the population. While the elite mainly obtains its income from business and capital, the income share that it receives in the form of wage income has been increasing. We also show that the dramatic decline of market income in the bottom half of the distribution is very much mitigated by income transfers within private households and by governmental redistribution. 相似文献
72.
Performance measurement is a fundamental part of the evaluation of an asset portfolio. As traditional performance approaches are under severe criticism and their application is widely discussed especially in case of fat-tailed return distributions, modern performance-measures become widely accepted both in academic and practical use. The modern way of an adequate performance measurement is characterized by the application of asymmetric risk measures, by the release of the basic principles of an equilibrium model or by the deflection from a ratio-based construction. Moreover the current academic discussion regarding the combination of modern performance measures and the mathematical construct of copulas leads to copula-based approaches that unify a shortfall-oriented risk-conception with an adequate modelling of dependence structures between the considered portfolio elements. The present paper discusses the main representatives of traditional, modern and copula-based performance measures and shows their advantages and disadvantages as well as possible fields of research. 相似文献
73.
We study how professional investors capitalize flood risk in commercial real estate (CRE) markets after hurricane Sandy. We show that New York CRE exposed to flood risk trades at a large, persistent discount. CRE in Boston, which mostly escaped direct hurricane-related damage, also exhibits persistent price penalties. These price effects are driven by asset-level capitalization rates, not building occupancy. Results from a placebo test using real estate prices in Chicago show that our inferences are not driven by coincidental, unrelated price trends for waterfront real estate assets. Our results are consistent with professional investors responding to a persistent shift in the salience of flood risk post-Sandy, even in locations spared by the disaster. 相似文献
74.
Sun, Titman and Twite find that capital structure risks, namely, high leverage and a high share of short‐term debt, reduced the cumulative total return of U.S. REITs in the 2007–2009 financial crisis. We find that mitigating capital structure risks ahead of the crisis by reducing leverage and extending debt maturity in 2006 was associated with a significantly higher cumulative total return 2007–2009, after controlling for the levels of those variables at the start of the financial crisis. We further identify two systematic cross‐sectional differences between those REITs that reduced capital structure risks prior to the financial crisis and those that did not: the exposure to capital structure risks and the strength of corporate governance. On balance, our findings are consistent with the interpretation of risk‐reducing adjustments to capital structure ahead of the crisis as a component of managerial skill and discipline with significant implications for firm value during the crisis. 相似文献
75.
76.
There is a large variety of types of rural areas and many of them are rich in landscape beauty. However, their preserved culture and traditions are revalued in today's rapid transformation of lifestyles. Alternative tourism is thus an emerging potential to economically support these areas, at the same time helps to preserve natural and cultural heritage. The methods provide sophisticated means to analyse the characteristics and the potential attractiveness of landscape and cultural attractions from the viewpoint of alternative tourism development. Homogenous tourism sub‐regions can be defined, and the most suitable development scenarios can be found to the certain areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
The Invariant Quadratic Estimators, the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimator (REML) of variances in an orthogonal Finite Discrete Spectrum Linear Regression Model (FDSLRM) are derived and the problems of unbiasedness and consistency of these estimators are investigated.Acknowledgement. The research was supported by the grants 1/0272/03, 1/0264/03 and 2/4026/04 of the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA. 相似文献
78.
Viktor Steiner 《Empirica》1990,17(1):41-59
Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird zur Erklärung individueller Wiederbeschäftigungschancen von Arbeitslosen mittels Individualdaten für österreich ein Abgangsratenmodell geschätzt, wobei unter Berücksichtigung von unbeobachteter Populationsheterogenität auf verschiedene Formen von state dependence getestet wird. Die Abgangsrate in Beschäftigung steigt mit zunehmender Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer an und hängt primär von bestimmten persönlichen Charakteristika der Arbeitslosen und der Zahl der erhaltenen Arbeitsangebote ab. Die individuellen (Wieder-)Beschäftigungschancen von Personen, die neu oder wieder in das Erwerbsleben eintreten, sind relativ gering und werden außerdem durch vergangene langfristige Arbeitslosigkeit stark reduziert.
I thank my collegues G. Flaig and G. Licht, G. Arminger, University of Wuppertal, A. Hamerle, University of Konstanz, R. Winter-Ebmer, University of Linz, and the referees for helpful comments. Support from the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung is gratefully acknowleged. Of course, the usual caveats apply. 相似文献
I thank my collegues G. Flaig and G. Licht, G. Arminger, University of Wuppertal, A. Hamerle, University of Konstanz, R. Winter-Ebmer, University of Linz, and the referees for helpful comments. Support from the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung is gratefully acknowleged. Of course, the usual caveats apply. 相似文献
79.
80.