Reply

CAP Reform in the Dairy Sector: Remove Export Subsidies and Retain Milk Quota–Counterpoints and Reply Counterpoint–David Harvey. The authors argue for retention of dairy quotas, elimination of all subsidies and continued import taxes. The argument that quotas will increase market prices fails to recognise that demand is likely to become more price elastic, that quotas will not allow EU producers to benefit from an expanding domestic market, and that any domestic price gain will be capitalised into the cost structure of producers. It is more sensible to eliminate quotas completely, possibly with compensation of existing quota owners. Counterpoint–Gunnar Breustedt and Uricb Koester. We argue that their reference system is misleading, that they underrate the welfare losses of the EU quota system and that some a priori assumptions concerning the external effects of milk production are debatable. Abolishing the quota in a world with no export subsidies would increase EU welfare the most. Reply–Zohra Bouamra‐Mechemache and Vincent Requillart. The comments develop two main lines of argument. First, those related to an ideal world. But we are far from this ideal situation: the EU has world market power and there are positive and negative externalities in milk production. Full liberalisation, moreover, would generate social costs so the key question is: what is the best way to implement a gradual liberalisation? A second set of arguments is related to the indirect costs and benefits of dairy quotas. In our model indirect quota costs would be lowered and milk production in the Less Favoured Areas would be supported. We maintain our conclusion that it could be rational to keep a quantity instrument to regulate the EU dairy sector if price instruments are removed. Réforme de la PAC laitière: supprimer les subventions et garder les quotas ‐ contrepoint et réponses David Harvey en contrepoint Les auteurs roudraient conserver les quotas laitiers, éliminer les subventions, et garder les droits de douane. Mais l'argument selon lequel les quotas vont contribuer a accroître le prix sur le marché intérieur néglige le fait que la demande deviendra plus élastique, que les quotas ne permettront pas aux producteurs européens de bénéficier de l'expansion de la demande interne, et que tout accroissement de prix intérieur sera capitalisé dans les prix des facteurs fixes. Il est done plus intelligent de complètement éliminer les quotas, le cas échéant en offrant des compensations à ceux qui, à l'heure actuelle, détiennent des quotas. Gunnar Breustedt et Ulrich Koester en contrepoint Le système de référence des auteurs est trompeur. lis sous estiment les pertes de bien‐être qui sont engenderées par le système de quotas européens. Certaines de leurs hypothèses sur les effets externes de la production laitière sont discutables. La meilleure façon d' accroître le bien‐être en Europe serait d' abolir les quotas dans un monde sans subventions à l' xportation. Zohra Bouhamra et Vincent Requillart en reponse On nous oppose deux ordres d'objections: D'abord celles qui concemeraient un monde ideal. Mais nous sommes bien loin d'un monde idéal: de fait, l'Union européenne dispose bien d'un certain pouvoir sur le marché mondial et il existe bien des externalités, tantôt positives et tantot negatives, dans la production de lait. De plus, la liberalisation totale engendrerait des couts sociaux. La question est done plutot de savoir comment preparer une liberalisation progressive. La seconde série d'argurnents a trait aux coûts et aux bénéfices indirects liés aux quotas laitiers. Dans notre modèle, les coûts indirects des quotas seraient plus faibles et la production laitiére serait soutenue dans les zones les moins favorisées. Nous maintenons notre conclusion qu'il pourrait etre rationnel, si Ton vient a supprimer les interventions sur les prix, de conserver un instrument quantitatif de régulation de la production laitière européenne. Reform der GAP auf dem Milchsektor: Abschaffung von Exportsubventionen und Aufrechterhaltung von Milchquoten– Kontrapunkte und Antwort Kontrapunkt–David Harvey. Die Autoren sprechen sich für die Beibehakung von Milchquoten, die Abschaffung aller Subventionen und weiter bestehende Einfuhrzölle aus. Das Argument, die Quoten würden die Marktpreise erhöhen, übersieht, dass die Nachfrage wahrscheinlich preiselastischer wird, dass die Quoten es den EU‐Erzeugern nicht gestatten, Nutzen aus einem wachsenden Binnenmarkt zu Ziehen, und dass jede Preiserhöhung im Inland in der Kostenstruktur der Erzeuger kapitalisiert wird. Es ist sinnvoller, die Quoten vollständig abzuschaffen und möglicherweise die Quoteneigner zu Entschädigen. Kontrapunkt–Gunnar Breustedt und Ulrich Koester. Wir vertreten den Standpunkt, dass ihr Referenzsystem irrefuhrend ist, dass sie die Wohlfahrtsverluste des EU‐Quotensystems unterbewerten und dass einige a priori‐Annahmen in Hinblick auf die externen Effekte der Milchproduktion umstritten sind. Die Abschaffung der Quoten bei gleichzeitigem weltweiten Verzicht auf Exportsubventionen würde die Wohlfahrt in der EU am stärksten erhöhen. Antwort–Zohra Bouamra‐Mechemache und Vincent Réquillart. Die Kommentare entwickeln zwei grundsätzlicheArgumentationsrickungen. Die erste bezieht sich auf eine ideale Welt. Von dieser idealen Situation sind wir hingegen weit entfernt: Die EU besitzt Marktmacht auf dem Weltmarkt, und die Milcherzeugung ist durch positive und negative externe Effekte gekennzeichnet. Zudem würde eine vollständige Liberalisierung zu gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kosten führen, daher lautet die Schlüsselfrage: Wie kann eine schrittweise Liberalisierung am besten umgesetzt werden? Die zweite Argumentationsrichtung bezieht sich auf die indirekten Kosten und den indirekten Nutzen von Milchquoten. In unserem Modell würden die indirekten Kosten der Quoten verringert und die Milcherzeugung in den benachteiligten Gebteten subventioniert. Wir erhalten unsere Schlussfolgerung aufrecht, dass es rational ware, ein Instrument zur Mengenregulierung im EU‐Milchsektor beizubehalten, falls die Preisinstrumente abgeschafft werden.     

The rise of the ‘network organisation’ and the decline of discretion

This article explores the implications of ‘networked’ and ‘flexible’ organisations for the work and skills of professionals/ Drawing on material from four different case studies, it reviews work that is outsourced (involving IT professionals and housing benefit caseworkers), work that is done by teachers contracted to a temporary employment agency and work organised through an inter‐firm network (chemical production workers). In each case work that was outsourced was managed very differently to that undertaken in‐house, with managerial monitoring replacing and reducing employees' discretion. New staff in these networks had fewer skills when hired and were given access to a narrower range of skills than their predecessors. By contrast, the production staff directly employed on permanent contracts in the inter‐firm network were given (and took) significant amounts of responsibility, with positive results for both their skills and the work processed. Yet, despite the negative impact they have on skills, outsourcing and subcontracting are a far more common means of securing flexibility than organisational collaboration.     

A multi-country test of the Fisher model for stock returns

This article provides a test of the Fisher model, linking expected stock returns and inflation, based on international data. Since the Fisher model is ‘universal’ and calls for a slope of 1 in any country, we improve the testing power by conducting a joint test over eight countries. The pooling of data for several countries seems to reduce the small-sample bias. We test the Fisher model, using an instrumental variable approach, for holding-period horizons ranging from 1–12 months. The Fisher model is not rejected at any horizon: however, the magnitude of the slope coefficient lends stronger support at long horizons. This study using multi-country panel data provides evidence corroborating the finding of Boudoukh and Richardson (1993) that the Fisher model holds at long horizons (5 years), using 180 years of US data.     

Prospects for external sources of vehicle propulsion: Results of a Delphi study

This article presents the outcome of a Delphi study carried out between October 1995 and February 1996. The subject of the study is external sources of vehicle propulsion, and its possible role in achieving more sustainable modes of transportation. The Delphi study concludes that external propulsion technologies are unlikely to be the substitute for internal combustion engines. External sources of power or energy are potentially a means of saving energy, because the weight of vehicles can be reduced and energy can be produced on a large scale thus boosting efficiency. However, there is no practical system by which these advantages can be realized without putting an unacceptable strain on the quality of the transport system. The costs would be huge; there would be considerable energy losses; safety problems could arise; and the flexibility of the users is limited. Electric vehicles could, however, become important. Pantographs and quick charging techniques could become important technologies if battery technology will not improve considerably.     

Internationalization Strategies of Business Schools: How Flat Is the World?

Business school strategy has become extremely complex, especially regarding internationalization. Using different paths, experiencing failure and success, business schools have internationalized, attracting many of the international students who contributed $27 billion¹ to the US economy in 2014. Some business schools are global, training global managers, while others serve national markets. How do business schools strategize about internationalization? Can we use existing models to explain this process? Are internationalization and globalization similar? Using a comparative analysis of six case studies in the United States and Europe, we found that the engine of internationalization influences its paths and outcomes. We contribute to international business (IB) research by discussing how business schools strategize their internationalization toward uniformity or diversity under isomorphic pressures from accreditation bodies (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB], 2011) and rankings. The so‐called Uppsala model should be extended to address three tensions: internationalization versus globalization, enacted dimensions of audiences, and respective risks of different internationalization pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An examination of consumer sentiment toward offshored services

This research identifies and analyzes the underlying elements and consequences of consumer sentiment toward offshored services. This is accomplished by initially conceptualizing consumer sentiment toward offshored services, then developing and validating a multi-dimensional scale (OFFSERVSENT) to measure the construct. This research determines that consumer sentiment toward offshored services is instrumental in explaining consumers’ commitment to and global attitudes toward firms that offshore services as well as consumers’ word-of-mouth behavior. The strength of these relationships varies depending upon the type of service being offshored. The results of this research contribute to the study of services offshoring, an emerging and fertile area of research for the services and marketing disciplines, and provide practitioners with increased knowledge regarding offshoring decisions.     

Understanding consumer services buyers based upon their purchase channel

Consumer services such as airlines and hotels include a proliferation of bookings through Internet-proprietary and Internet-third party sites. The other dominant channel for making airline and hotel purchases is via telephone. This research investigates differences in how buyers utilize the three channels in terms of internal and external price search, number of alternatives searched, brand loyalty, purchase frequency, risk of unavailability at the time of purchase, and Internet experience and usage. Results indicate that telephone buyers employ the least external search, consider the fewest number of alternatives during search, are the most brand loyal, are the most frequent buyers, and perceive the lowest level of risk of unavailability at the time of purchase. Conversely, Internet-third party buyers utilize the most external search, consider the largest number of alternatives, are the least brand loyal, are the least frequent buyers, and perceive the highest level of risk of unavailability. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are provided.     

Why mutual funds “underperform”

I propose a parsimonious model that reproduces the negative risk-adjusted performance of actively managed equity mutual funds. In the model, a fund manager can generate state-dependent active returns at a disutility. Negative expected performance and mutual fund investing simultaneously arise in equilibrium because the active return the fund manager generates covaries positively with a component of the pricing kernel that the performance measure omits, consistent with recent empirical evidence. Using data on U.S. funds, I also document new empirical evidence consistent with the model's cross-sectional implications.