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51.
Volker Brühl 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2016,96(7):479-485
The high costs of the refugee crisis are often a subject of public discussion. However, one should distinguish between the fiscal and the overall economic effects of this current wave of immigration. A financial economic model shows that the “fiscal break-even” point can be reached by the year 2031. This is the first point at which the taxes and contributions of employed refugees exceed the costs to the public sector resulting from the refugees who are not in the labour market. The “economic break-even” point can be reached as early as 2025 if the gross value added contributions of the employed refugees by that time exceed the costs of caring for and integrating the refugees who are not in employment. This will require a “smart” integration of the refugees into the labour market, requiring high investment in the qualification of individuals and a flexible use of labour policy tools. 相似文献
52.
News
Who is Who 相似文献53.
Volker Meier 《Journal of Economics》2013,110(2):181-186
We consider a sequential game in which one player produces a public good and the other player can influence this decision by making an unconditional transfer. An efficient allocation requires the Lindahl property: the sum of the two (implicit) individual prices has to be equal to the resource cost of the public good. Under mild conditions this requires a personal price for the providing player that lies below half of the resource cost. These results can, for example, justify high marginal taxes on wages of secondary earners. 相似文献
54.
Adriano Profeta Richard Balling Volker Schoene Alexander Wirsig 《国际粮食与农业综合企业市场学杂志》2013,25(1-2):179-198
This article gives an overview of the current use of the European system of protected designations of origin according to Council Regulation (EC) 510/06, using the example of Germany to demonstrate its implementation as well as evaluating the potential and future development of this system of protection. The considerations show that in a few years the number of protected products in Europe will reach a figure of over 1,000 without the dynamic of new registrations weakening in the midterm. In Germany, the system of Council Regulation (EC) 510/06 has not been used very extensively. Despite this, an increase in the number of protected products can also be expected in Germany due to the promotion orientation of the Central Marketing Association and the European Commission. 相似文献
55.
Volker Meier 《Empirica》2008,35(2):165-178
The impacts of introducing work requirements for welfare recipients are studied in an efficiency wage model. If the workfare
package is not mandatory, it will reduce employment, profits, and utility levels of employed and unemployed workers. In contrast,
mandatory effort requirements will generally raise both employment and profits and reduce the tax rate. The impact on the
net wage is ambiguous. Changes of utility levels of employed and unemployed workers have the same sign as the variation in
the net wage. The possibility of a Pareto improvement may explain the widespread support for welfare to work experiments.
相似文献
56.
How Do Banks Determine Capital? Evidence from Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. We analyse whether the determinants of capital found in the previous literature hold for the special German banking sector comprising three characteristic banking groups including savings banks, cooperative banks and other banks, which differ regarding their ownership and their access to the capital market. Through the use of accounting data from German banks between 1992 and 2001 we find evidence in accordance with the buffer theory of capital for all German banking groups. Furthermore, we also detect some remarkable differences between the three banking groups regarding their determination of capital due to institutional characteristics. 相似文献
57.
In this paper we present a two-period model where a left-wing and a right-wing political party are solely interested in the policies they pursue. We assume that voters display reciprocal behavior. By contrast, political parties are not motivated by reciprocity. We show that reciprocity may have dramatic consequences for models of voting behavior. The incentive to be kind to the median voter may ensure that a position closer to the median voter's position is adopted even if political parties are not directly interested in being elected and cannot commit to a political stance during an election campaign. Moreover, reciprocity increases incumbency advantages. 相似文献
58.
Isumo Bergmann Daniel Butzke Lothar Walter Jens P. Fuerste Martin G. Moehrle Volker A. Erdmann 《R&D Management》2008,38(5):550-562
In this paper, we are going to present a method for detecting the risks of patent infringement by evaluating similarities between patent documents on the basis of semantic patent analysis. This approach enables the user to visualize similarities in the contents on a semantic patent map by means of multi‐dimensional scaling. The effectiveness of the semantic patent map has already been demonstrated by Dressler (2006) with regard to patents of seal technology, in which documents are commonly kept short and the extracted contents are concise. This paper will open out to the field of biotechnology, where patents can easily comprise several hundreds of pages. The method presented here conveys an interdisciplinary approach and combines computer‐aided natural language processing with domain‐specific expertise of biochemical processes. This is illustrated by an authentic case of infringement involving two manufacturers of DNA chips. Our experiment will show how the infringement case is visualized on a patent map based on semantic patent analysis. This experiment can be compared with the search for a needle in a haystack, the two competitive patents representing significantly conflicting ‘needles.’ From an approximate number of 4,000 patents in the current US Class 435/6, a set of patents was selected that included the ‘needles’ mentioned. This paper will point out how such mutual interference can be detected by way of semantic patent analysis, and what advice may be given to R&D managers who are faced with the risk of patent infringement. 相似文献
59.
This article uses information on out‐of‐pocket housing cost and house price appreciation along with the geo‐coded version of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to consider the differences in the impact of these and other variables on the tenure choices of sample households across three time periods, the 1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s. Specifically, an extended continuous time probability model is used to examine households' transitions from renting to owning and subsequent possible transitions either back to rental tenure or to another owned home during our three observation periods. Coefficient estimates show that financial variables such as house price appreciation and out‐of‐pocket housing cost play an important role in determining all the transitions. In addition, the analysis demonstrates the interesting result that the cumulative likelihoods of homeownership derived from the model are consistently lower than the probabilities of an initial transition to homeownership from rental tenure during the observation period. Finally, the magnitude and timing of the impact on homeownership of a policy experiment that eliminates the mortgage interest deduction are shown to differ substantially across the three decades. 相似文献
60.
We examine the effects of accounting standards and regulatory enforcement on entrepreneurial innovation and social welfare. When the entrepreneur issues a financial report that violates the accounting standards, a regulatory agency may detect the violation and bring charges. We find that when regulatory penalties are relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the violation, optimal standards are sufficiently low that they induce full compliance, and increase as the intensity of enforcement increases. In contrast, when regulatory penalties are sensitive to the magnitude of the violation, optimal standards induce non-compliance and decline as the intensity of enforcement increases. 相似文献