Staatliche Aktivität,wirtschaftliche Entwicklung,Preisniveau und Beschäftigung

Ohne ZusammenfassungBeim vorliegenden Beitrag handelt es sich um einen veränderten Teil der unveröffentlichten Habilitationsschrift (Preisniveaustabilität im Wirtschaftswachstum?) des Verfassers. Dieser dankt Herrn Prof. Dr. L. Phlips (Freiburg/Schweiz) für die Durchsicht des Manuskripts.     

Ethical Guidelines for British Accountancy

An initial review of the Draft Guidance produced in response to the Cadbury Report by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. The author is Principal Consultant, Corporate Social Responsibility Consultants, 86 Iffley Road, London W6 OPF.     

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION POLICIES AND MEAT PROCESSING MARGINS: THE CASE OF NEW ZEALAND, 1967-1988*

The New Zealand export meat industry has been through a considerable number of changes in the 1980s. The deregulation of export slaughter facilities, Supplementary Minimum Prices, Producer Board intervention, declining livestock numbers and domestic cost pressures have all affected the performance of the domestically based processing sector. Major changes in market access and demand have influenced off-shore marketing operations, particularly for sheepmeats. Additionally, there has been a change in the type of meat exported with a greater proportion of further processed product shipped in recent years. As an example of the impact of these developments on livestock producers, the producer share of the United Kingdom wholesale market return for a representative prime lamb carcase has fallen from 40 per cent in 1978 to 25 per cent in 1988. In this article the pattern of intervention in the New Zealand pastoral meat industries from the mid-1960s is detailed, emphasising the different environments of the beef and sheepmeat enterprises. Then the principal factors influencing domestic processing margins for these products are empirically examined. Alternative model specifications and alternative estimation techniques are compared and contrasted. The results of these analyses are discussed in terms of the historical patterns of assistance and structural change, and in terms of current rationalisation pressures on the meat processing sector.     

Application of primitive sets to multi-criteria optimization problems

In this paper we generalize the concept of efficiency in multi-criteria problems from being the property of a point to that of a set of points. This generalization permits a variety of solution concepts to these problems. The uniqueness of solution distinguishes this approach from the usual concept of efficiency.     

Über die Methoden der Vaterschaftsbegutachtung

Zusammenfassung Die Vaterschaftsbegutachtung kann als Test zwischen zwei einfachen Hypothesen angesehen werden. Dabei unterscheiden sich die einzelnen Methoden vor allem in der Wahl des Prüfma?es und des Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodells. Die bisher in der Literatur ver?ffentlichten Methoden werden nach diesem Gesichtspunkt eingeordnet und k?nnen dadurch besser miteinander verglichen werden.

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Summary The expert examination of a case of disputed paternity can be regarded as a test between two simple hypotheses. The individual test methods used differ from one another mainly in the choice of test statistic and of probability model. The methods hitherto published in the literature are here classified under these two headings and can thus be better compared one with another.

     

Privatisation in Canada: Recipe for Inaction

Dr Walter Block of the Fraser Institute in Vancouver, British Columbia, explains why the Canadian government has no justification for its slow progress towards privatisation.     

Kurzfristige schÄtzfunktionen für den warenhandel der bundesrepublik deutschland

Summary Short-term Foreign Trade Estimates for the Federal Republic of Germany. — In the econometric estimates of Germany’s foreign trade at least one of the cyclical variables, i.e. capacity utilization rate, accelerator and judgement of inventory levels, significantly enters each import equation and — with one exception — each export equation. However, as opposed to the results of other empirical investigations, the dominating influence of the capacity utilization rate could not be substantiated. The long-term influences on import demand are captured by disposable income as well as those final demand components with a high import content. The long-term development of exports can be explained by production in the respective countries. The size of the estimated import price elasticities corresponds quite well with a priori expectations : the lowest elasticity was exhibited by products for which domestic substitutes exist only to a limited degree. On the other hand, imports of price-competitive consumer goods revealed the highest elasticity. The price elasticity of demand for total imports was calculated to be -0.50. With respect to export demand, the equations — disaggregated by countries — produced significant results for the price variables in almost all cases. For total exports to OECD countries the export price elasticity amounted to -1.09. Given this estimate as well as the above mentioned import price elasticity it can be generally concluded that the requirements of the Marshall-Lerner condition are met.

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Résumé L’estimation de court terme du commerce extérieur de la République Fédérale d’Allemagne. — Dans l’estimation économétrique du commerce extérieur allemand des variables cycliques — l’utilisation de l’équipement, l’accélérateur et l’opinion des entreprises sur les stocks — jouent un r?le important. Pourtant, l’influence eminente de l’utilisation de l’équipement dans d’autres investigations empiriques du commerce extérieur ne pouvait pas être supportée ici. Les influences de long terme sur la demande importatrice sont reflétées dans le revenu disponible et dans ceux composantes de la demande finale qui absorbent beaucoup de biens importés. L’évolution de long terme des exportations peut être expliquée par la production dans les pays importatrices. Les coefficients estimés des variables de prix reflètent les caractéristiques économiques des groupes des biens importatrices individuels très bien. L’élasticité-prix des importations allemandes totales se chiffre á -0.50. Dans presque tous les cas, il y avait une influence de prix dans les équations des exportations désagrégées par des pays consommatrices. L’élasticité des exportations allemandes totales vers les pays OCDE se chiffre á -1.09. L’élasticité-prix des importations et des exportations permettent la conclusion que la condition de Marshall-Lerner est satisfaite.

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Resumen Funciones de estimación de corto plazo para el comercio de la Repüblica Federal de Alemania. — En la estimación econométrica del comercio exterior alemán las variables cíclicas de utilización de capacidad instalada, acelerador y apreciación de stock, juegan un papel importante. La influencia más que proporcional de la utilización de la capacidad instalada en otras investigaciones empiricas del comercio exterior no pudo ser confirmada aquf. Las influencias de más largo plazo sobre la demanda por importaciones se reflejan a través del ingreso disponible y de aquellos componentes de la demanda final a los que se incorporan los bienes importados. El desarrollo de largo plazo de las exportaciones se puedo explicar por la producción del pais importador en cuesti?n. Los coeficientes estimados de las variables de precios, reflejan muy bien las caracteristicas econ?micas de los grupos de productos de importación individuales. La elasticidad-precio para todos los productos de importación alemanes es de -0,50. Entre las funciones de exportación desagregadas por paises de destino, se déterminé en casi todos los casos un efecto-precio. La elasticidad-precio del total de las exportaciones alemanas hacia los paises de la OCDE se calculé en -1,09. Junto con la elasticidad-precio de las importaciones, se concluye, que se cnmple la condition Marshall-Lerner.