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Walter Rehberg Gerald Furian 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(2):65-74
Abstract Unintentional injuries ('accidents’) among elderly people are a significant burden in public health because such accidents happen frequently and because the proportion of older age groups in the population will continue to rise during the coming decades. One aim of this study, which was done in Vienna, the capital of Austria, was to broaden the preventive concept, adding lifestyle and living conditions to already well-known risk factors following the health promotion approach. Furthermore, characteristics that predispose older residents to accidents should be identified in order to design preventive measures for reducing injuries in this age group. 809 interviews with people 60 years of age and over were conducted, concerning accidents, outcomes of accidents, physical fitness, drug intake, type of house or dwelling, equipment in the household incorporating safety features, psychological well-being and social relations. The information collected was used to draw cross-sectional comparisons between participants who reported having experienced at least one accident in the previous 12 months and those who did not. Furthermore, the accident incidents were classified into 2 groups: incidents without injuries and injurious accidents. The latter served as a base for the epidemiology of injuries for people 60 years of age and over within the Vienna community. 20% of all senior citizens suffer at least one unintentional injury every year, in addition to which 8% experience critical incidents (mostly falls) without injury. Most accidents occur at home or involve pedestrians in public traffic areas. Over 90% of all accidents are falls, and 20% result in fractures. The most important risk factors for accidents in the elderly are gender, increasing age, poor physical fitness and low physical activity, the type of household and household equipment, poor psychological well-being, low income and loneliness. The findings regarding falls suggest some possible opportunities for reducing the risk of falls by improving buildings and dwellings of the elderly. A promising attempt at practical implementation of these findings is being conducted by the Vienna-based Austrian Institute for Home and Leisure Safety in cooperation with the Vienna City Council. These two organizations are implementing a long-term program that aims at mobilizing institutions and organizations involved in working with the elderly. 相似文献
84.
Usury, charging a higher interest rate than thought by some to be “fair,” has had and still has, a bad press. Historically,
it was heavily punished. It was then, and all too often is now, thought to be exploitative. Yet, as even the most economically
unsophisticated must realize, both sides of these transactions must necessarily gain at least in the ex ante sense, otherwise one or the other would refuse
to enter into the deal in the first place. The present paper is an attempt to justify the practice of charging interest on
loans, at any rate agreeable to both borrowers and lenders. 相似文献
85.
Against fiduciary media 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Christopher C. Moore Daniel J. Phaneuf Walter N. Thurman 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,50(1):1-26
In this article we evaluate a US Forest Service plan to mitigate damages from an invasive insect on public, forested land.
We develop a dynamic model of infestation and control to explicitly account for biological interactions, baseline conditions,
and uncertainty, thus creating a more complete picture of policy impacts than a static cost benefit analysis could provide.
We combine the results of the dynamic model with an empirical study of nonmarket forest benefits to create a bioeconomic model
of ecosystem management. Estimating the empirical model in a Bayesian framework allows us to treat the economic coefficients
of the dynamic model as random variables. We specify distributions for the biological parameters and examine the effects of
both biological and economic uncertainty on the predictive distribution of net benefits. We find that the net benefits of
the program are positive, and that uncertainty in the biological model contributes substantially more to the variance of our
estimate than does uncertainty over the valuation of the resource. 相似文献
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A primary prediction of the theory of sports leagues is that teams with higher revenues will have higher league positions or winning percentages than teams with smaller revenues. Behind this prediction lies the key influence of market size, yet this has been underexplored in the empirical literature on sports leagues. This paper combines detailed census of population data with panel data on team performance for an open sports league, the English Football League, to test the hypothesis that market size matters for team performance. We find a particularly important role for population close to the team's location. The impact of local population is reduced but not eliminated when allowance is made for entry in the form of competition from neighboring clubs. We assess implications of these findings for both European and North American sports league structures. 相似文献