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31.
Lester M. Salamon S. Wojciech Sokolowski Megan A. Haddock 《Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics》2011,82(3):217-252
ABSTRACT: This article explores alternative approaches for measuring the economic value of volunteer work, develops a methodology for producing global estimates of this value using existing data sources, and identifies a new data source that promises to yield significantly improved data on which to base such estimates in the future at both the global and national levels. Both volunteering through organizations and directly for individuals are considered. Different approaches to valuation, including the replacement cost, opportunity cost, and social benefits approaches and both observed and reported market proxies, are examined. Based on a number of criteria, the replacement cost method using observed market wages is recommended. Using this method, the article estimates that ‘volunteerland,’ if it were its own country, would have the second largest adult population of any country in the world, and would be the world's seventh largest economy. The article concludes by discussing a new International Labour Organization Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work that adopts the basic method for defining and valuing volunteer work outlined here and promises to generate a much more robust and coherent body of data on volunteer work than has ever been available both globally and nationally. 相似文献
32.
Rajiv Vaidyanathan Praveen Aggarwal Wojciech Kozłowski 《Journal of Marketing Communications》2013,19(1):44-57
This study is a replication and extension of prior work on the effectiveness of cause-related marketing efforts. We show that compliance behavior across cultures can be different depending on the dominant self-construal paradigm prevalent in a given society. The original study had shown that people in independent self-construal societies (individualist countries such as the USA) are unwilling to follow up on their original commitment (to support rainforest protection) if compliance involves bearing the cost of such action (paying a higher price for a product where part of the price is donated to rainforest protection). This study, drawing on a sample of students at a mid-sized university in northern Poland, shows that commitment–consistency works in collectivist, interdependent self-construal societies in a different way: if the cause being supported is of a pro-social nature, people in such societies are willing to pay the higher product price to support it. 相似文献
33.
Wojciech GrabowskiAleksander Welfe 《Economic Modelling》2011,28(3):782-784
A necessary and sufficient condition for global stability of dynamic models is summability to one of the long-run elasticities and cointegration. The short-run coefficients automatically satisfy the homogeneity condition. A relevant restriction has to be imposed in the parameter estimation process; otherwise, the ratios of variables appearing in the model will tend to either infinity or zero, which is economic nonsense in most cases. This conclusion is particularly important for the ECM or VEC (SVEC) models that decompose behavior into long and short-run parts. 相似文献
34.
35.
Rolland LeBrasseur Wojciech Nasierowski 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》1991,40(4):371-388
The reality of global market has challenged Canadian manufacturing companies to improve their competitiveness, primarily through the introduction of computer-based technologies. It is our contention that, in order to benefit from the use of technology, consistent attention is required to employee skills and training. Focusing on the Ontario manufacturing sector, this article explores, within an organizational context, the role of employee skills and training in relation to technology, product, and market changes. It concludes with a discussion of the contextual pressures on management and the likely future developments. 相似文献
36.
Thi‐Hong‐Van Hoang Wojciech Przychodzen Justyna Przychodzen Elys A. Segbotangni 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2020,29(3):1331-1361
The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between environmental performance and financial performance on a sample of 361 U.S. firms over the 2007–2016 period. We contribute to the literature by considering firms active in sustainable innovations by obtaining green patents. We also contribute to the literature by using disaggregated measures of environmental performance collected from the Bloomberg ESG database, including environmental disclosure score, greenhouse gas emissions, waste emissions and water use. Panel data regressions' results show that environmental transparency positively influences current accounting and stock market performance, but negatively influences the return on capital employed. Furthermore, lower pollution emissions tend to improve the current return on assets, while being harmful for the efficiency of long‐term capital employment at the same time. The empirical results also indicate that the Global Financial Crisis (2007–2010) increased the environmental transparency of firms with green patents but negatively impacted their price to earnings ratio. At the same time, lower waste disposal diminishes stock valuation while the opposite is true with water use. Taken together, our results suggest that environmental transparency and greenhouse gas emissions generally appear to be the most important environmental variables influencing financial performance, with increasing importance attributed to them by the market after the global crisis period. 相似文献
37.
Wojciech Stiller 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2012,92(8):535-540
This article describes the developments in corporate tax rates and loss-offset provisions in the EU countries and addresses the question of whether the new member states of the EU are applying lower tax rates and therefore boosting their loss-offset restrictions. Such a harmful tax competition has been feared with regard to the case law of the European Court of Justice that considers the cross-border loss offset. This study shows the opposite is true. In recent years, especially the new EU member states have extended the loss carry-forward period. 相似文献
38.
To examine the buying habits of British Columbia (BC) wine consumers and their appreciation of French wine attributes, we estimate a hedonic price function for Burgundy wines which comprise an array of different appellations, vintages, and alcohol levels. BC ranks among the top three wine-consuming provinces in Canada and residents' wine preferences are likely linked to an emerging sophistication in tastes. This study uses weekly retail sales data and attributes of Burgundy wines reported by the BC Liquor Distribution Branch. The results confirm the collective reputation effects of the Burgundy wine region and show that the implicit values differ between white and red Burgundy wines with village designation and vintage having a relatively larger effect on white wine prices than in the case of red wines. Burgundy white wines, such as Aloxe-Corton, Chassagne-Montrachet Premier Cru, Meursault Premier Cru, and Chablis Grand Cru, were associated with larger price premia. Afin d'examiner les habitudes d'achat des consommateurs de vin de la Colombie−Britannique et leur appréciation des caractéristiques des vins français, nous avons estimé une fonction de prix hédoniste des vins de Bourgogne d'appellations, de millésimes et de degrés d'alcool variés. La Colombie−Britannique figure parmi les trois provinces canadiennes où l'on consomme le plus de vin, et les préférences des consommateurs de vin découlent probablement d'un raffinement des goûts. Dans la présente étude, nous avons utilisé les données des ventes au détail hebdomadaires et les caractéristiques des vins de Bourgogne fournies par la Société des alcools de la Colombie-Britannique (BC Liquor Distribution Branch). Les résultats confirment les effets de la réputation de la région viticole de la Bourgogne et montrent que les valeurs implicites diffèrent entre les vins de Bourgogne blancs et rouges, et que l'appellation «village» et le millésime influent davantage sur les prix des vins blancs que sur ceux des vins rouges. Les prix des vins de Bourgogne blancs, tels que Aloxe-Corton, Chassagne-Montrachet Premier Cru, Meursault Premier Cru et Chablis Grand Cru, ont présenté des primes plus élevées. 相似文献
39.
Obtaining a Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBR) certificate provides horticultural institutions the exclusive right to produce and reproduce new varieties, which directly motivate new plant variety innovations. This study investigates how the grant and surrender lag of PBR certificates is influenced by the crop type and applicant characteristics using the Canadian Food Inspection Agency horticultural crop PBR application data for the period 1992–2014. Results from the Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model reveal that the grant lag and surrender lag of Canadian PBR applications significantly vary by the country of origin of the applicant, whether the applicant is a public institution or private company/individual, horticultural crop types, and the decades when applications are filed. The policy implications of the results provide useful information to stakeholders of the Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights System regarding how the lifespan of PBRs is influenced by crop type and applicant characteristics. 相似文献
40.
随着经济全球化和一体化进程的迅速发展 ,在改善经济环境以增强国内和国际市场的竞争力方面 ,政府的角色已经发生了根本性的变化。在对外经济政策中政府曾经通过关税 ,取消或者部分取消限制以及调整外汇汇率等手段的使用来对经济活动施加巨大的影响。后来由于一些多边条约以及双边条约的签订 ,政府干预手段施行的空间被大幅度的压缩了 ,与此相适应国际经济组织的各成员国在制定宏观和微观经济政策时必须遵循一定的准则并采取相应的措施 ,以促进国家竞争力的提高。波兰作为转轨经济国家 ,在全球化和欧盟一体化背景下 ,政府经济政策正面临艰难的选择 相似文献