Operational risk quantified with spectral risk measures: a refined closed-form approximation

The quantification of operational risk has become an important issue as a result of the new capital charges required by the Basel Capital Accord (Basel II) to cover the potential losses of this type of risk. In this paper, we investigate second-order approximation of operational risk quantified with spectral risk measures (OpSRMs) within the theory of second-order regular variation (2RV) and second-order subexponentiality. The result shows that asymptotically two cases (the fast convergence case and the slow convergence) arise depending on the range of the second-order parameter. We also show that the second-order approximation under 2RV is asymptotically equivalent to the slow convergence case. A number of Monte Carlo simulations for a range of empirically relevant frequency and severity distributions are employed to illustrate the performance of our second-order results. The simulation results indicate that our second-order approximations tend to reduce the estimation errors to a great degree, especially for the fast convergence case, and are able to capture the sub-extremal behavior of OpSRMs better than the first-order approximation. Our asymptotic results have implications for the regulation of financial institutions, and may provide further insights into the measurement and management of operational risk.     

Reward meritocracy or nepotism: The case of independent financial advisors appointed by Chinese listed companies

As independent financial advisors, securities firms are the core intermediaries in major asset reorganization (MAR) of listed companies. Furthermore, they play the dual roles of transaction and authentication. Based on this institutional background, this paper studies how listed companies choose between industry experience (“meritocracy”) and relationships (“nepotism”). Using the MAR of A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2013 as the sample, this paper shows that higher transaction costs (i.e., greater demand for the transaction function of advisors) are related to the higher possibility of advisors with weaker relationships and more industry experience being hired. It also shows that higher suspicion of tunneling (i.e., greater demand for the signal of fairness associated with advisors’ authentication function) is related to the higher possibility of advisors with weaker relationships being hired, but it is not significantly related to whether advisors have more or less industry experience. This paper also shows that reputation has a certain governance effect on the negative consequences of relationship. For the most part, listed companies reward meritocracy but not nepotism when appointing independent financial advisors.     

A Multicriteria Approach for Modeling Small Enterprise Credit Rating: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT

As the engine of China’s economy, small enterprises have been the central to the country’s economic development. However, given the characteristics of the small enterprises loan (i.e., short borrowing period, large volume, small amount and incomplete information), it is extremely challenging for financial institutions to assess their creditworthiness. Thus, it seriously delays and restricts the financing access for small enterprises. In an attempt to relieve the financing difficulty of small enterprises, this article makes use of 687 small wholesale and retail enterprises in a regional commercial bank in China, to establish a credit rating indicator system composed of 17 indicators by using both partial correlation analysis and probit regression. It then utilizes TOPSIS together with fuzzy C-means to score the credit ratings of our sample of small enterprises. With the dual test of default discrimination and ROC curve, the prediction accuracy of the established indicator system has reached 80.10% and 0.917, respectively, indicating the robustness and validity of our credit rating system.     

Is faster or slower trading better? An examination of order type execution speed and costs

We examine order type execution speed and costs for US equity traders. Marketable orders that execute slower exhibit lower execution costs. Those who remove liquidity faster and pay higher trading costs transact in smaller size, spread trading across more venues, take more liquidity, and are better informed. Nonmarketable limit orders that execute slower exhibit greater adverse selection; and larger, uninformed traders who concentrate their trading in fewer venues submit them. Our findings suggest that slowing down the trading process, when faster options exist, can benefit certain market participants who seek to cross the bid–ask spread.     

后危机时代融合式货币政策决策框架探索

货币政策决策在宏观经济主流理论中是一个常被忽视的问题。本文发现,决策存在量价演变规律,背后隐含流动性分析路径,这一路径说明"价"与"量"统一归结为流动性调整。向流动性分析路径回归是重新思考货币与经济关系的逻辑起点,也意味着有可能在一个统一的框架下反思货币经济关系。基于上述发现,本文创新性地构建了广义货币政策决策的融合式新框架,包括目标、分析与工具三个层面,以此为理论依据研究了操作层面的决策逻辑。对于作为主线的流动性分析,创新性地提出以"能力、风险、趋势"作为要素的"ART框架"。     

资本结构、股权结构与中小企业成长性——基于中小企业板数据的实证分析

本文以中小企业板上市企业2004-2009年数据为基础,以资产市值账面比衡量企业成长性,分析了我国中小上市企业资本结构和股权结构对成长性的影响。实证结果表明,资产负债率和长期负债率均对成长性具有显著正向影响,意味着较高的负债能降低外部权益成本,有利于中小上市企业的成长。成长性与股权集中度显著正相关,表明股权集中有利于股东对管理层进行监督,降低代理成本并能促进中小上市企业成长。管理层持股比重的改变对中小上市企业的成长性无显著影响。     

广西钦州保税港区离岸金融业务发展研究

广西钦州保税港区作为我国中西部沿海地区唯一的保税港区,是我国目前开放程度最高、政策最优惠、功能最齐全、区位优势最明显的海关特殊监管区。随着北部湾经济区开放开发步伐加快、钦州保税港区开港运营以及诸多大型企业不断入驻,离岸金融业务已成为钦州保税港区发展的迫切需要。基于此,本课题在借鉴天津、上海等地发展离岸金融业务的经验基础上,研究钦州保税港区发展离岸金融业务的可行性,进而确定离岸金融业务发展模式和定位,最后提出推进钦州保税港区离岸金融业务发展的对策建议。     

美国内部控制审计制度及其对我国的启示

内部控制审计是提升企业内部控制有效性的重要制度安排。美国已建立起由SOX法案、SEC最终规则和PCAOB审计准则构成的内部控制审计制度体系,相关规定基本协调一致、相互配合。我国在充分借鉴美国经验的基础上,已于2010年4月初步确立了内部控制审计制度。我国内部控制审计制度演进的基本特征表现为：在注册会计师的保证程度上,从有限保证演变为合理保证;在审计范围上,从财务报告内部控制演变为广义的内部控制;在审计方法上,趋向于内部控制审计与财务报表审计的整合。     

论财产保险合同的转让——兼评我国新《保险法》第49条

财产流转在现代社会中十分频繁,财产保险作为流转安全之保障如果不能随财产流转,就会产生很多问题。现实生活中,因财产保险合同转让产生的纠纷众多。本文由案例所涉及的问题,论述了保险利益对财产保险合同转让的影响;在此基础上,对我国新《保险法》中关于财产保险合同转让的规定进行了评析,并对其中的不足提出了一些完善的建议。     

从吉利收购沃尔沃看知识产权评估在跨国并购中的作用

跨国并购包括跨国兼并和跨国收购,是指一国企业（又称并购企业）为了达到某种目标,通过一定的渠道和支付手段,将另一国企业（又称被并购企业）的所有资产或足以行使运营活动的股份收买下来,