A NEW THEORY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY AND EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE FROM DOMESTIC TRADE

Abstract. In the paper a fixed learning cost is introduced into a framework with consumer-producers and transaction costs. The fixed learning cost yields a rate of return on the investment in individual specific learning and training which is increasing in its rate of utilization. Division of labor can avoid duplicated learning costs and generate economies of specialized learning. The tradeoff between economies of specialization and transaction costs can be used to explain concurrent increases in the extent of the market, aggregate demand, productivity, trade dependence, the degree of market integration, the degree of production concentration, diversity of economic structure, variety of different professions, each person's level of specialization, and the extent of endogenous comparative advantage and the emergence of international trade from domestic trade. This model explains demand and supply as two sides of the level of division of labor which is determined by a transaction cost coefficient. Hence, the demand law may not hold even for normal goods owing to complicated interdependencies between the level of specialization and demand and between the level of specialization and prices of traded goods. The extended version of this model with the CES function is used to endogenize variety of consumption in addition to the endogenization of individuals'level of specialization.     

电商不同类型促销对购买行为的长期影响——以亚马逊电子书为例

促销的长期影响在学术界一直备受争议,并且传统研究更多地关注实体企业的促销效果,而对电商平台的促销活动研究较少。为了厘清电商平台的不同促销方式对消费者购买行为的长期影响,本文基于亚马逊电子书的销售数据,建立固定效应模型考察了降价和优惠券两种价格促销的长期影响。结果表明,降价促销会导致消费者未来购买数量减少、购买金额增加、购买时间间隔缩短;优惠券促销则会使得消费者未来购买数量增加、购买金额减少、购买时间间隔不变。在此基础上,本文进一步分析了消费者购买经验的调节作用。本文不仅丰富了已有促销长期影响的研究成果,而且对电商如何制定促销策略以优化促销长期效果提供了科学可行的建议,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

Analysis of marine ecological compensation for environmental risk caused by chemical spill based on game theory

The problem of marine environmental risk is ultimately the result of game theory between the marine environmental managers and the enterprise of potential environmental risk. This paper analyzes the internal economic relationship that whether the “protection” policy is applied between the protection action of marine environmental managers and the chemical enterprise. The result shows that the key factor whether the enterprise adopt the “protection” policy or not is the amount of penalty and the government＇s cost of execution, and the compulsive ecological compensation is obligatory from the angle of stimulating the enterprise of canonical action and adopting the “protection” policy. To build the ecological compensation mechanism based on the environmental risk will effectively improve the level of management in sea area and decrease the probability of chemical spill.     

Effects of job stress on self-esteem,job satisfaction,and turnover intention

ABSTRACT

This study is focused on female inbound call center counselors who are easily exposed to emotional labor when customers express anger and hostility and use swear words toward invisible targets on the phone. Our study is based on 244 responses from female inbound call center counselors. Job stress has a significantly negative effect on job satisfaction and self-esteem. It was shown that self-esteem has a partially mediating effect, and turnover experience had a moderating effect. It is important to shed new light on the roles of self-esteem among determinants of job satisfaction.     

亚洲各国FDI流入相互关系的实证研究

近些年来,中国吸引的FDI增长迅速,亚洲的一些国家担心这会对本国的FDI流入产生负面影响。本文利用了空间计量经济学的方法来研究亚洲各国FDI流入之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,母国和东道国的GDP、东道国的劳动生产率对一国FDI流入规模的影响是正面的,而两国间距离和东道国贸易成本的影响是负面的;无论是亚洲整体还是亚洲的发展中国家,FDI流入都是互补的。由此,本文建议亚洲各国对FDI不应展开过度竞争。     

REVIVAL PLANS, Ten Key Sectors Benefit?

To revive China's industrial establishment during the biggest Great Depression in the world after World War Ⅱ,China's Central government has launched the Revival Plans of Ten Key Sectorsplus the 4 trillion stimulus package in the early 2009.Formulated by the National Development and Planning Commission(NDRC).these revival plans aimed at reinvigoratingten key sectors,to be specified.the iron and steel.automotive,shipbuilding,petrochemical,textile,light,nonferrous metals,equipment manufacturing,electronics and information technology,and logistics industrial sectors.     

Call for Textile Economic Recover

Chinese textile industry is a traditional sector boasting of competitive strength in global market. It＇s such a common phenomena that Chinese tourists are very difficult in finding a piece of clothes without a ＂Made-in-China＂ label in overseas supermarkets and malls. Even at the first World Expo, it was 12 silk produced in Huzhou, China, that caused a great sensation and won the Gold Expo in 1851, for the white and flexible silk was able to load 700 copper wires. And don＇t need to mention the Silk Road, originated from China.     

Summer Davos： We Have Confidence in China＇s Economy

＂In the last Winter Davos, when it was the most pessimistic period for the economy in North America and West Europe, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao declared China＇s economic growth this year was targeted at 8 percent. That firm tone encouraged the whole world. And 8 months have been past, and we just see that China is exactly on the track to achieve this goal. We have confidence in China＇s economy. No doubtedly.＂ Jeremy Jurgens, Senior Director at the World Economic Forum and Head of the Annual Meeting of the New Champions and Community of Global Growth Companies expressed so in a World Economic Forum press conference in Beijing, September 3.     

CHANGE for a New Econornic Structure?

Opportunity in the financial crisis?For a long time,China's fast econom-ic growth is heavily dependent on growth of exports,particularly dependent on ex-ports of low value-added,low technologi-cal products.Although the policy-makers and scholars are aware of the importance and necessity of industrial structure im-provements since 1992,it is hard to have a real incentive to promote economic re-structuring under rapid economic growth.     

CLOSER for the Winter, Embrace the Spring

＂Yes, we are facing a difficult time since the financial crisis, but that requires us to work much more closer to pass through the winter time,＂ Leonard Kok, General Manager of Department for Urban and Economic Development, City of The Hague, Netherlands, said so on his recent visit to Beijing, China. In the late February, Beijing was still icy in temperature, however the warmth brought by the Netherlands＇ delegation promised an agreeable spring in April.