对称性与东盟的机制化发展

《东盟宪章》的签署标志着东盟机制法制化和制度化的增强,对这一制度变迁的内在动力存在着不同的解释。根据功能主义的观点,东盟内部频繁的贸易活动导致了对国际机制的功能性需求,从而诱发了东盟国际机制的深化和发展。这一假设难以解释东盟对外贸易同样出现大幅增长趋势的同时,东盟与其他贸易大国之间的合作机制却仍然保持在比较低的水平上。作者通过引进行为体之间的对称性这一新的变量,进一步完善了经济增长和制度变迁相关性的解释。     

Predation,Protection, and Accumulation: Endogenous Property Rights in an Overlapping Generations Growth Model

We study a simple growth model with overlapping generations in which property rights are insecure. Insecurity of property rights leads to predation. Due to predation some of the resources are used for protection purposes. Both predation and protection remove resources from the accumulation process. In the model individuals allocate their labor between working for firms and appropriating output from them. Firms allocate their capital between production and protection. Without government, the model generates a unique but inefficient equilibrium. We show that in this equilibrium the level of output is increasing in the rate of effectiveness of protection, the relative utility of honesty, and the discount rate. Further, the equilibrium level of output is dynamically inefficient. We then extend the model to include a government as the sole provider of the public good ȁc;protection”. Protection is assumed to be financed by a capital tax imposed on firms. The model then yields multiple equilibria, with both a stable high-protection low-predation equilibrium, and a stable low-protection high-predation equilibrium. Which equilibrium a country is most likely to achieve, and how difficult it is for a country to move to the more desirable low-predation high-protection equilibrium, depend crucially on the parameters of the model describing the economy’s institutional structure. Hence, the results of the model support the emphasis placed by the World Bank on the importance for growth of strengthening institutional structures in developing countries.JEL Code: D23, D90, O41     

The relationship of sport experience and the effect of competitive anxiety during the match for junior handball player students

The main aim of the current study were to find out the effect of competitive anxiety during the match for junior handball player students, and to investigate the relationship between the training experience of students and the level of competitive anxiety during the match for junior handball player students in youth centers of Duhok province in Iraq. A total number of participants was 128 junior handball players divided into 8 youth centers (Akre, Amedi, Bardarash, Domiz, Duhok, Shexan, Sumel and Zaxo) each center contain 16 players. The scale of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was used to collect the data. The one way ANOVA, Test Least Significant Difference to find out the effect of competitive anxiety during the match for junior handball player students, and the correlation was conducted to find the relationship between the competitive anxiety and the training experience. The results showed that there is a significant differences between junior handball player students in the level of competitive anxiety for the youth centers (class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">p < 0.00), and there is a negative significant correlation between the training experience and the level of competitive anxiety (r = ? 0.423, class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">p = 0.00). This study would show useful information about the effect of competitive anxiety and training experience for junior handball player students.