Stepwise Investment in Circular Plastics Under the Presence of Policy Uncertainty

Environmental and Resource Economics - The use of recycled plastics is critical in the transition to a circular economy. However, for certain types of plastics, the recycling process is...     

Does Choosing a Section of the Stock Exchange Matter in the IPO of SMEs? The French Case

The empirical study presented in this article is localized in between two major fields of research in finance: underpricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and financial markets integration or segmentation.This empirical work proves that the institutional and political intention, translated in a segmentation of financial markets dedicated to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises has an impact on the financial environment of SMEs and consequently on the level with which IPOs are underpriced. The differences between companies listed on both parts devoted to SMEs correspond to the ambition of the French Stock Exchange. And these differences result in surprising pricing: a lower profile in risk does not mean a better valuation. At least, our study on IPOs of SMEs could help managers to choose the appropriate section for their firm.     

EXPORT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NAMIBIA: A GRANGER CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causality between exports and GDP of Namibia and to evaluate the relationship of these variables for the period 1970 to 2005. Time‐series econometric techniques (Granger causality and cointegration) are applied to test the hypothesis of a growth strategy led by exports. It tests whether export Granger causes GDP, or whether the causality runs from GDP to exports, or if there is bi‐directional causality between exports and GDP. The results revealed that exports Granger cause GDP and GDP per capita. This suggests that the export‐led growth strategy through various incentives has a positive influence on growth.     

From the Encyclopédie to the Tableau économique : Quesnay on freedom of grain trade and economic growth

This paper investigates the evolution of Quesnay's economic thought between his Encyclopédie articles and the first edition of the Tableau économique. The rediscovery of a forgotten piece Quesnay included in an agricultural treatise — the Essai sur l'amélioration des terres — leads us to reconsider the origins of the first edition of the Tableau. This forgotten piece of writing is the missing link between Quesnay's first economic writings and the Tableau. It improves on the theory of grain trade liberalization Quesnay presented in his first writings on two levels. First, it reconstructs of his previous argument in order to give it a more coherent shape. Second, this text complements the Encyclopédie articles by a growth mechanism. Through a reconstruction of Quesnay's growth mechanism, we show that his argument is a significant analytical step toward the first edition of the Tableau.     

Transaction Costs,Option Prices,and Model Risk in Fair Value Accounting

This paper examines the reliability of option fair value estimates in the presence of transaction costs. The Black Scholes Merton (BSM) framework assumes zero transaction costs and thus might not provide a reasonable approximation in this context. We investigate the model adjustments companies make to their BSM models to deal with these transaction costs. We specifically examine Employee Stock Option (ESO) plans listed on the French stock exchange, as detailed disclosure on modeling is available for these ESOs. Our analysis questions the reliability of these model adjustments, especially their bias and the extent to which they provide a faithful representation of option fair values. Holding parameter values constant, we find that the model adjustments lead to a median understatement of 52% compared to the BSM model price, higher than the discount we observe for the opportunistic determination of model parameters (below 20%). The paper contributes to the fair value literature by highlighting model risk in the fair valuation of options. This model risk stems from assumptions made about the size of transaction costs and complements the notion of parameter risk analyzed in previous literature. As a result, the model itself might be a possible channel for fair value management.     

金融危机：商业银行觅境外并购之“机”

商业银行的境外并购,有助于深入推进国际化战略,拓展海外市场、优化业务结构、推动经营战略调整、增强协同效应。受金融危机影响,国内银行并购潜在对象增多、并购竞争对手减少、并购成本下降,越来越多的境外并购机会呈现在我国商业银行的面前。商业银行应选择文化接近、经营理念和模式易于融合的并购对象,采用实物期权定价方法估价被并购银行,做好并购整合,取得境外并购的成功。     

WELFARE AS EQUITY EQUIVALENTS

Equity (or, its counterpart, inequity) plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of social welfare in different dimensions. In this paper, we revisit the concept of inequity – in the sense of unequal distributions – across individuals, time, and states of the world using a unified framework that generalizes the standard expected discounted utilitarianism approach. We propose a general measure of welfare as equity equivalents and a corresponding inequity index. We show that allowing for different attitudes toward inequity across different dimensions covers a scope of possible inequity preferences with different interpretations. We then prove that the order of aggregation across the different dimensions matters for welfare evaluations. Finally, we show that many of the welfare-theoretical approaches recently developed in the literature can be interpreted as special cases of this general framework.