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191.
Owens A 《Medical economics》1993,70(1):158-64, 169-73
192.
Owens A 《Medical economics》1992,69(17):117-8, 120, 127-8 passim
193.
Owens EW 《International journal of social economics》1990,17(4):57-65
This article examines trends in poverty among the elderly in the United States from two perspectives. "First, we are interested in changes that took place in the magnitude, characteristics and incidence of poverty within this sector, as a result of the functioning of the economy as well as the poverty programme during the past decade. Our second primary objective is to present analytical models of the severity of poverty and use these models to describe techniques that might be employed in evaluating ways of alleviating poverty in one category of the aged poor where it seems most acute and most intractable, i.e. aged women living alone." 相似文献
194.
195.
Petra Berkholz Rainer Stamminger Gabi Wnuk Jeremy Owens Simone Bernarde 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2010,34(2):235-242
This study presents an overview of the washing up behaviour of consumers in the UK. Peoples' individual attitudes were observed as were the amount of water and energy used, the time taken and the cleaning performance. Additionally, manual dishwashing was compared with the use of automatic dishwashers. Participants were recruited to represent all geographic regions of the UK as well as forming a representative cross‐section of the population. Each of the 150 participants washed a full load of soiled tableware based on the standard EN 50242 ‘Electric Dishwashers for Household Use – Methods for Measuring the Performance’. For comparison, the best selling dishwasher in the UK in 2007 was tested under the same conditions as those in the consumer trial. Additionally, consumers who owned a full‐size dishwasher were asked to load it to the point when they decided that the dishwasher was full. The study shows that these consumers, on average, used 49 l of water and 1.7 kWh of energy, whereas the dishwasher used 13 l of water and 1.3 kWh of energy on average for the same amount of dishes under the conditions tested. Statistical analysis showed that these differences are significant. The dishes washed by hand were found to be slightly less clean than dishes washed in a dishwasher. For washing a full dishwasher load by hand, the participants needed, on average, 60 min, while they only took 9 min on average to load and unload the same amount of dishes in a dishwasher. The average participants were able to fill almost the full load into the dishwasher (96% of the items as used in a test following EN 50242). 相似文献
196.
This study investigates the influence of error incident characteristics on organizational learning among operators in the chemical process industry. The study asks operators to describe recently occurred error incidents at time 0 (n = 87), followed up by measurements for learning 6 weeks later (n = 48). Organizations learn more from error incidents with more severe consequences. Severity of consequences relates positively to learning. When consequences are more severe, communication about an error is higher. Communication is subsequently related to learning. Error incidents without imminent negative consequences, however, can also be a platform for learning. This research recommends attention towards the promotion of learning from conditions that do not necessarily encourage employees to learn. 相似文献
197.
Vincent Leyaro Oliver Morrissey Trudy Owens 《International Tax and Public Finance》2010,17(4):430-450
This paper analyses the effect of observed food price changes on household consumption (welfare) in Tanzania and from this
simulates the welfare effect attributable to tax (tariffs and VAT) reforms. The three rounds of the Tanzania Household Budget
Survey (1991/92, 2000/01 and 2007) are used to apply Deaton’s method based on median unit values (prices) and household budget
shares. The results indicate that real price increases over 1991–2007 have reduced welfare of the average household by 20
per cent of 1991 income, and the loss was fairly evenly distributed between the 1990s and 2000s. The welfare loss was much
greater for the poor, especially the rural poor (a 27 per cent reduction), compared to the non-poor (in particular the urban
non-poor, who suffered a five per cent loss). Although we cannot establish explicit links between tax reforms and domestic
commodity price changes, to assess the extent to which welfare changes can be explained by tax reforms we simulate the effects
of tax changes on domestic price changes. The simulation shows that tax reforms (tariff reductions) offset the welfare losses
for all household groups, especially in the 1990s; although the differences were small, the urban poor benefit more in relative
terms from tax reforms whereas the rural poor benefit least (the effect on the non-poor was similar irrespective of location). 相似文献
198.
Dries Meers Tom Vermeiren Cathy Macharis 《International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications》2018,21(2):148-159
ABSTRACTThe sustainability of container transferia, a specific type of intermodal terminals located in the vicinity of ports, is analysed in an external cost evaluation. This concept enables transporting large amounts of containers from a port to a transferium, outside the most congested area, by high-frequency barge or rail transport. From this point onwards, the transport is executed by truck or intermodal. The paper presents a case study of maritime-based container transport in Belgium. A geographic information systems-based model compares transport alternatives, regarding their societal impact. The findings suggest that when trucks perform the hinterland transport to transferia instead of direct truck transport to the port, the production of external costs decreases in the port area, but remains stable in the hinterland. However, when intermodal chains can replace these truck services to the transferia, external costs remain limited in the port area, but also decrease in the hinterland in most cases. 相似文献
199.
City distribution is considered to be unsustainable. Efforts to improve this condition are hindered by three challenges Local authorities implement restrictive measures, which do not fully take account of the interests of all stakeholders. sufficiently into account. As the demand for goods in urban areas increases further in the future, solutions are necessary. At the same time, many vehicles are inefficiently loaded, leading to the unnecessary presence of freight vehicles. In this paper, we propose a new classification of innovative concepts for sustainable city distribution called the 4 A's, which take into account these challenges. The 4 A's stand for Awareness, Avoidance, Act and shift, and Anticipation of new technologies. These concepts can be implemented by the one responsible for city distribution—the private sector. For each ‘A,’ an overview of possible concepts, and the most important characteristics and the gaps in the research are provided. Stakeholder involvement is stressed as the key and methods to involve multiple stakeholders are provided. By starting from this perspective and focusing additionally on other stakeholders, the likelihood that a concept becomes successful increases. 相似文献
200.
Henry Tsai Cathy H. C. Hsu Louisa Yee-Sum Lee 《Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing》2017,34(7):986-1000
Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, this study develops a five-factor casino-induced satisfaction-of-needs scale and examines its relationship with casino customer loyalty using Macau as a study context. The findings show that the respondents’ most visited casinos had only marginally met the respondents’ various inner needs; there is still ample room for Macau casinos to improve the level of their customers’ satisfaction regarding customers’ inner needs. Among the five types of inner needs, self-actualization appears to be one need that requires more attention than the others because it was rated as the need that was the least satisfied but contributed the second most to measuring satisfaction. Additionally, Macau casinos should continue their efforts to improve and maintain a safe and secure casino environment, coupled with providing a variety of quality foods and beverages, for their customers. Lastly, safety and security, self-actualization and physiological needs were found to positively affect casino customer loyalty. 相似文献