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581.
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Zusammenfassung Wechselkurse und Preise in Europa. — Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Implikationen von Asymmetrien in der übertragung von Preisst?rungen bei zentralisierter Wechselkurspolitik in einem System gesteuerter Kurse wie dem Europ?ischen W?hrungssystem. Es wird gezeigt, da\ bei derartigen Asymmetrien unwiderruflich feste Wechselkurse suboptimal sind, selbst dann, wenn die politischen Ziele der L?nder identisch und die Wechselkurs- und Geldpolitiken zentralisiert sind. Im empirischen Teil werden die asymmetrischen übertragungen von Preisst?rungen aufgezeigt, indem Input-Output-Matrizen für vier europ?ische L?nder simuliert werden. Dabei ergibt sich, da\ diese Asymmetrien in der Tat betr?chtlich sind und da\ sie bei einer optimalen Festsetzung der Wechselkurse ausdrücklich in Rechnung gestellt werden sollten.
Résumé Taux de change et prix en Europe. —- Dans cet article les auteurs discutent les implications des asymétries en transmission des perturbances de prix pour une politique de taux de change centralisée dans un système de taux dirigés comme le Système Monétaire Européen. Ils démontrent que, sous des asymétries, les taux de change fixés irrévocablement sont sous-optimum, même si les buts politiques des pays sont identiques et si les politiques de taux de change et monétaires sont centralisées. Puis les auteurs donnent de l’évidence empirique pour des asymétries en transmission des perturbances de prix en simulant des matrices input-output pour quatre pays Européens. Le résultat est que ces asymétries sont vraiment considérable; par conséquent, un cadre optimum de taux de change devrait tenir compte d’elles.

Resumen Tipos de cambio y precios en Europa. — En este trabajo se discuten las consecuencias que tienen asimetrías en la transmisión de perturbaciones de los precios para políticas de cambio centralizadas dentro de un sistema de tipos de cambio manejados como el Sistema Monetario Europeo. Se demuestra porqué en presencia de estas asimetrías tipos de cambio fijos e irrevocables son suboptimales, incluso cuando los objetivos de política son idénticos en todos los países y las politicas de cambios y monetarias son centralizadas. A continuación se présenta evidencia empfrica de asimetrías en la transmisión de perturbaciones de los precios simulando matrices insumo producto de cuatro países europeos. Los resultados indican que estas asimetrias son importantes y que a raíz de ello un régimen de cambio óptimo debiera tomarlas en cuenta explícitamente.
  相似文献   
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We apply the recently introduced generalized tree-structured (GTS) model to the analysis and forecast of stock market diversity. Diversity is a measure of capital concentration across a market that plays a central role in the search for arbitrage. The GTS model allows for different conditional mean and volatility regimes that are directly related to the behavior of macroeconomic fundamentals through a binary threshold construction. Testing on US market data, we collect empirical evidence of the model’s strong potential in estimating and forecasting diversity accurately in comparison with other standard approaches. In addition, the GTS model allows for the construction of very simple portfolio strategies that systematically beat the standard cap-weighted S&P500 index. Financial support by the Foundation for Research and Development of the University of Lugano and by the National Centre of Competence in Research “Financial Valuation and Risk Management” (NCCR FINRISK) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank four anonymous referees for helpful comments.  相似文献   
586.
Drawing from resource‐based theory, we argue that family firm franchisors behave and perform differently compared to non‐family firm franchisors. Our theorizing suggests that compared to a non‐family firm franchisor, a family firm franchisor cultivates stronger relationships with franchisees and provides them with more training. Yet, we predict that a family firm franchisor achieves lower performance than a non‐family firm franchisor. We argue, however, that this performance relationship reverses itself when family firm franchisors are older and larger. We test our hypotheses with a longitudinal dataset including a matched‐pair sample of private U.S. family and non‐family firm franchisors.  相似文献   
587.
Despite the traffic increases at the World's airports, little works have been done on methodologies to improve vehicles and airplanes ground control. This may be leading to reduced safety. Here an integrated system is developed to help guarantee suitable separations of land vehicles and airplanes moving on the airport ground area It can also addressed issues of the optimal use of taxi and runways. The system is composed of global positioning systems hardware, checks on the position of land vehicles and airplanes on the ground in real time, and special-purpose geographical information systems software for the tracking of land vehicles and airplanes within different planning operations.  相似文献   
588.
A concessionaire has private information on the initial stock of resource. A “virtual Hotelling rule” describes how the resource price evolves over time and how extraction costs are compounded with information costs along the optimal extraction path. Fields which are heterogeneous in terms of their initial stocks follow different extraction paths. Resource might be left unexploited in the long run as a way to foster incentives. The optimal contract may sometimes be implemented through royalties and license fees. With a market of concessionaires, asymmetric information leads to a “virtual Herfindahl principle” and to another form of heterogeneity across active concessionaires.  相似文献   
589.
Potential changes in global and regional agricultural water demand for irrigation were investigated within a new socio-economic scenario, A2r, developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) with and without climate change, with and without mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Water deficits of crops were developed with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)–IIASA Agro-ecological Zone model, based on daily water balances at 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude and then aggregated to regions and the globe. Future regional and global irrigation water requirements were computed as a function of both projected irrigated land and climate change and simulations were performed from 1990 to 2080. Future trends for extents of irrigated land, irrigation water use, and withdrawals were computed, with specific attention given to the implications of climate change mitigation. Renewable water-resource availability was estimated under current and future climate conditions. Results suggest that mitigation of climate change may have significant positive effects compared with unmitigated climate change. Specifically, mitigation reduced the impacts of climate change on agricultural water requirements by about 40%, or 125–160 billion m3 (Gm3) compared with unmitigated climate. Simple estimates of future changes in irrigation efficiency and water costs suggest that by 2080 mitigation may translate into annual cost reductions of about 10 billion US$.  相似文献   
590.
Wage Flexibility and Unemployment: The Keynesian Perspective Revisited   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Keynes' main concern in the General Theory is about the capacity of an economy to return to full employment equilibrium when subject to a (negative) demand shock. He maintains that money wages cuts may not help reabsorb unemployment, as they do not necessarily imply a fall in real wages. On the contrary, wage rigidity may be necessary for avoiding that a cumulative process propels the economy far away the full employment equilibrium. Co‐ordination failures in the investment‐saving market are behind this conclusion. However, the analysis is carried out within a static equilibrium framework. This paper is an attempt to focus on the problems of intertemporal co‐ordination arising within the context of a sequential economy. Our analysis of the out‐of‐equilibrium process of adjustment stirred by a shock allows to generalize the original Keynesian intuition. Unemployment emerges as the result of a lack of co‐ordination due to irreversibly constrained choices, and not only nominal but also real wage flexibility does not necessarily help to restore equilibrium. As a matter of fact, it may even be harmful, by triggering processes that make the economy diverge from equilibrium. Our analysis has important analytical implications as regards the role of market imperfections and the interpretation of the effects of monetary policy.  相似文献   
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