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881.
Online labor markets have great potential as platforms for conducting experiments. They provide immediate access to a large
and diverse subject pool, and allow researchers to control the experimental context. Online experiments, we show, can be just
as valid—both internally and externally—as laboratory and field experiments, while often requiring far less money and time
to design and conduct. To demonstrate their value, we use an online labor market to replicate three classic experiments. The
first finds quantitative agreement between levels of cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma played online and in the physical
laboratory. The second shows—consistent with behavior in the traditional laboratory—that online subjects respond to priming
by altering their choices. The third demonstrates that when an identical decision is framed differently, individuals reverse
their choice, thus replicating a famed Tversky-Kahneman result. Then we conduct a field experiment showing that workers have
upward-sloping labor supply curves. Finally, we analyze the challenges to online experiments, proposing methods to cope with
the unique threats to validity in an online setting, and examining the conceptual issues surrounding the external validity
of online results. We conclude by presenting our views on the potential role that online experiments can play within the social
sciences, and then recommend software development priorities and best practices. 相似文献
882.
ABSTRACT: Sizeable employee share ownership plans (ESOPs) have been a unique feature of Ireland's privatization programme. Since the sale in 1999 of the national telecommunications operator, Eircom, the norm has been to allocate 14.9 per cent of equity to employees. We examine the role of the Eircom ESOP in the post‐privatization governance of the company. We find that the ESOP sought to maximize returns to employees as shareholders rather than behave in the interests of a wider set of stakeholders. This is explained in terms of the internal governance of the ESOP, namely its structure and rules, as well as the composition and motivations of the board of the ESOP Trustee. 相似文献
883.
Flows of people,flows of ideas,and the inequality of nations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present paper examines a neglected determinant of aggregate productivity: temporary cross-border flows of people. We hypothesize
that interaction between people from different nations facilitates the international diffusion of ideas, thus stimulating
aggregate productivity. In order to assess the causal impact of people flows on productivity, we construct an instrument for
people flows. By analogy to the trade/growth literature, this instrument is derived from a fitted gravity equation involving
geographic determinants of bilateral travel flows. Our cross-section analysis reveal that greater international interaction
leads to higher productivity; a very similar result, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, is obtained when we employ dynamic
panel data methods for the purpose of identification. 相似文献
884.
We compare behavior in modified dictator games with and without role uncertainty. Subjects choose between a selfish action,
a costly surplus creating action (altruistic behavior) and a costly surplus destroying action (spiteful behavior). While costly
surplus creating actions are the most frequent under role uncertainty (64%), selfish actions become the most frequent without
role uncertainty (69%). Also, the frequency of surplus destroying choices is negligible with role uncertainty (1%) but not
so without it (11%). A classification of subjects into four different types of interdependent preferences (Selfish, Social
Welfare maximizing, Inequity Averse and Competitive) shows that the use of role uncertainty overestimates the prevalence of
Social Welfare maximizing preferences in the subject population (from 74% with role uncertainty to 21% without it) and underestimates
Selfish and Inequity Averse preferences. An additional treatment, in which subjects undertake an understanding test before
participating in the experiment with role uncertainty, shows that the vast majority of subjects (93%) correctly understand
the payoff mechanism with role uncertainty, but yet surplus creating actions were most frequent. Our results warn against
the use of role uncertainty in experiments that aim to measure the prevalence of interdependent preferences. 相似文献
885.
Joseph Zeira 《Journal of Economic Growth》2011,16(2):135-156
This paper presents a model of innovations and endogenous economic growth with two main assumptions: first, the cost of searching
for innovations differs across innovations, and second, innovations take time to find. The paper shows that given these two
assumptions together, competition leads to patent races and to duplication of innovative activity. The paper then shows that
duplication significantly reduces the effect of scale on growth. It also shows that competitive R&D creates too much research
on easy innovations, and too little research on the difficult ones. Finally, the paper shows that risk sharing might increase
duplication and reduce growth. 相似文献
886.
Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goods experiments: a selective survey of the literature 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Ananish Chaudhuri 《Experimental Economics》2011,14(1):47-83
I survey the literature post Ledyard (Handbook of Experimental Economics, ed. by J. Kagel, A. Roth, Chap. 2, Princeton, Princeton
University Press, 1995) on three related issues in linear public goods experiments: (1) conditional cooperation; (2) the role of costly monetary
punishments in sustaining cooperation and (3) the sustenance of cooperation via means other than such punishments. Many participants
in laboratory public goods experiments are “conditional cooperators” whose contributions to the public good are positively
correlated with their beliefs about the average group contribution. Conditional cooperators are often able to sustain high
contributions to the public good through costly monetary punishment of free-riders but also by other mechanisms such as expressions
of disapproval, advice giving and assortative matching. 相似文献
887.
Andreas Chai 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2011,13(3):181-203
This paper posits that significant changes in 19th century British recreational travel patterns resulted from a change in
the manner in which tourists used entertaining stimuli in order to attain pleasure. Consumers no longer merely viewed arousing
stimuli, but attempted to use them to produce emotional states of being which they could partially modify to intensify pleasurable
feelings (Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain, William Heinemann, 2003). The impetus for this modification stemmed from an increasing awareness that emotional responses could be to some degree
self-cultivated, as embodied in the Romantic ethos that become popular at the time via the emergence of the paperback novel
and magazine industry (Campbell, The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism, Blackwell, 1987). By learning how to manipulate and modify mental images in a way that may not necessarily correspond with objective reality,
Romantic tourists learned to elicit pleasure through engaging of their imagination. Such a change in the mode of pleasure
seeking had important long run economic consequences for tourist regions throughout the European continent. 相似文献
888.
889.
890.
The ongoing debate on the efficiency of a federal system versus a centralized system has lead to a diverse and unclear empirical
picture of the effects of fiscal decentralization on public sector growth. For analyzing these effects it is crucial to consider
the sub-national decision power on taxing and spending. In the current paper, we test for the effects of fiscal autonomy on
total government expenditure using time series from 1955 to 2007 for Austria. Determinants of government expenditure are economic
growth, fiscal illusion of policy makers, and the unemployment rate. We additionally account for different degrees of sub-national
fiscal autonomy. Our econometric results suggest that the often-hypothesized dampening effects of fiscal autonomy cannot be
corroborated for the Austrian system. 相似文献