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51.
This article assesses Canadian banks' ability to realize scale economies and cost complementarities in joint production. The Canadian banking system, with its 10 or so large banks and 50 smaller ones, offers a good database for a study of efficiency, especially since previous work suggests that the system's concentration has had little impact on system competitiveness. This article estimates a system of cost and cost share equations using Zellner's iterative seemingly unrelated regression technique, then evaluates scale economies and cost complementarities from the estimated cost functions' first and second partial derivatives. The article compares a model that classifies deposits as inputs with another that classifies them as outputs. The empirical findings indicate that deposits are better modelled as outputs than inputs; that Canadian banks organize to exhaust available sources of scale economies and economies in joint production; and that conclusions regarding scale economies and cost complementarities differ importantly according to whether deposits are modelled as inputs or as outputs. 相似文献
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55.
Edward H. Kaplan 《Socio》1997,31(4):281-291
We consider a coverage model where an initial event that occurs at some point in time triggers an activity of random duration that leads to some subsequent event. A snapshot sample is constructed at a fixed point in chronological time either by sampling only subjects where the initial event has occurred but the subsequent event has yet to occur (active subjects), or by sampling only subjects where both the initial and subsequent events have occurred (inactive subjects). The biases inherent in snapshot sampling can be neatly characterized by the properties of two random variables: the history
(defined as the time the initial event occurs as measured into the past from the chronological point of sampling), and the active time
(defined as the length of time between the initial and subsequent events). Though snapshot samples are biased, recognizing the biases enables correct inferences to be drawn from snapshot-sampled data. Considering only the case where
and
are independent random variables, this paper presents the probability models associated with snapshot sampling, demonstrates the problems that can occur, offers procedures for overcoming these problems, and applies the methods to interesting data sets. 相似文献
56.
Irving Fisher has been overlooked as an influence on William Vickrey's work on taxation and as a link between Edgeworth and
Vickrey. Vickrey was Fisher's last and greatest student. 相似文献
57.
This paper gives a tree-based method for pricing American options in models where the stock price follows a general exponential Lévy process. A multinomial model for approximating the stock price process, which can be viewed as generalizing the binomial model of Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein (1979) for geometric Brownian motion, is developed. Under mild conditions, it is proved that the stock price process and the prices of American-type options on the stock, calculated from the multinomial model, converge to the corresponding prices under the continuous time Lévy process model. Explicit illustrations are given for the variance gamma model and the normal inverse Gaussian process when the option is an American put, but the procedure is applicable to a much wider class of derivatives including some path-dependent options. Our approach overcomes some practical difficulties that have previously been encountered when the Lévy process has infinite activity. 相似文献
58.
David C. Hall Thomas O. Knight Keith H. Coble Alan E. Baquet George F. Patrick 《Review of Agricultural Economics》2003,25(2):430-448
Beef cattle producers were surveyed in Texas and Nebraska to investigate perceptions of sources of risk, the effectiveness of risk management strategies, and interest in further risk management education, particularly production risk, using probit analysis. Important decision variables identified are age, prior use of risk management tools, previous attendances of risk management education, and risk aversion. Severe drought and cattle price variability are identified as primary risk factors with potential to affect farm income. Extremely cold weather and disease are of less importance. Understocking pasture and storing hay are perceived most effective as risk management options. 相似文献
59.
Wayne H. Howard Robert W. Blake Thomas O. Knight C. Richard Shumway Michael A. Tomaszewski 《Agricultural Economics》1992,7(1):77-90
A method of combining survey data and Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records to achieve low cost farm trials is presented. Farm trials and surveys of current practices and production responses are useful to identify yield gaps between expectations predicted from experimental findings and actual field results. Different management schemes can be ranked using subjective probabilities and stochastic dominance to enhance successful implementation of research findings and to increase the feedback between researchers, extension workers, and producers. A survey of current masitis control practices and expected milk yield response is the example. Combining survey results with DHIA records allowed estimating the relationship between somatic cell counts (SCC) and milk yield. Eliciting beliefs about the relationship between SCC and milk yield showed that producers agreed with predictions from the statistical model. Subjective probabilities about SCC and mastitis control practices showed that our sample of experts and producers consistently ranked the different practices but extension agents had no consensus about the the most or least effective ones. 相似文献
60.