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991.
Federico Etro 《International Review of Economics》2010,57(1):9-45
I revisit the post-Chicago approach to antitrust issues examining markets whose structure is endogenous. The usual analysis
of oligopolies with strategic interactions and an exogenous number of firms is extended to the case of endogenous entry, which
determines the degree of market power. The role of predation is evaluated within a generalization of the contestability theory
to strategic interactions. Endogenous entry requires a revision of our understanding of the role of incumbents in pricing,
producing in the presence of network externalities, bundling products, price discriminating, and delegating to retailers through
vertical restraints: when entry is endogenous, leaders adopt aggressive strategies typically without exclusionary purposes
and without reducing welfare. Endogenous entry has also implications for the analysis of mergers, that take place only if
they create enough cost efficiencies and do not harm consumers, beneficial concentration, technology transfers, and cartels.
The spirit of the policy recommendations of the Chicago school is broadly supported by our analysis. 相似文献
992.
Using survey data of around 10,000 households from 10 OECD countries, we identify the driving factors of household adoption
of water-efficient equipment by estimating Probit models of a household’s probability to invest in such equipment. The results
indicate that environmental attitudes and ownership status are strong predictors of adoption of water-efficient equipment.
In terms of policy, we find that households that were both metered and charged for their water individually had a much higher
probability to invest in water-efficient equipment compared to households that paid a flat fee. 相似文献
993.
Cristina Matos 《Forum for Social Economics》2010,39(1):43-51
EU27 pension systems are diverse and different from textbook ideal-type. They are hybrids because they combine public and
private pension features. Over a century, public and private pensions have been designed and reformed simultaneously. We examine
how the history of those reforms can explain the emergence of existing hybrid pension arrangements. 相似文献
994.
This article tests the public interest and regulatory capture hypotheses, in the context of the Swedish electricity market,
by studying the factors influencing the Swedish Energy Agency’s decision to replace decision-makers it employs to hear customer
complaints against utilities. The study covers the period from the beginning of 1996, when a series of regulatory reforms
were introduced to improve consumer protection, until the end of 2008. The study concludes that decision-makers who find in
favor of customers have had a statistically lower probability of being removed, consistent with public interest theory. A
transitory effect of favoring utilities can be observed for the period from 2 to 6 years following the reforms. In this period,
government and public scrutiny of the regulator, which had been high in the immediate aftermath of the reforms, had waned
and there were few precedents decided by the courts that the regulator was required to follow. This vacuum created an opportunity
for the utilities to increase their influence over the regulator. Once the courts started establishing precedents in relatively
large numbers, the supervisory role of the courts ensured that the actions of the regulator were scrutinized. This development
has served a similar function to government and public scrutiny in the years immediately following the reforms in promoting
the public interest. 相似文献
995.
This paper considers the combination of pollution taxes and abatement subsidies when some polluting firms procure their abatement
goods and services from an oligopolistic eco-industry. The regulator must here cope with two simultaneous price distortions:
one that comes from pollution and the other which is caused by the eco-industry’s market power. In this context, we show that
taxing emissions while subsidizing polluters’ abatement efforts cannot lead to first-best, but the opposite occurs provided
it is the eco-industry’s output which is subsidized. When public transfers also create distortions, welfare can be higher
if the regulator uses only an emission tax, but subsidizing abatement suppliers while taxing emissions remains optimal when
the eco-industry is concentrated. 相似文献
996.
Andreas Kuhn 《Empirica》2010,37(2):215-236
This paper describes subjective wage inequality and the demand for redistribution in Austria using individuals’ estimates
of occupational wages from the International Social Survey Program. Although these estimates differ widely across individuals,
the data clearly show that most individuals would like to decrease wage inequality, relative to the level of inequality which
they perceive to exist. The empirical analysis also shows that the demand for redistribution is strongly associated not only
with variables describing self-interested motives for redistribution, but also with perceptions of and social norms with respect
to inequality. Further, the demand for redistribution is a strong predictor for whether an individual is supportive of redistribution
by the state. On the other hand, however, I find almost no evidence for an empirical association between the demand for redistribution
and individuals’ party identification. 相似文献
997.
998.
This study presents the nonlinear relationship that exists between financial development and economic growth. This study applies
the flexible nonlinear regression model of Hamilton (Econometrica 69(3):537–573, 2001) because it imposes no specification
restrictions. Two empirical results are obtained. First, an inverted U-shaped relation between banking sector development
and economic growth is identified. Namely, the two variables are positively linked before the turning point, but negatively
linked after it. Second, a positive relationship with asymmetric √-shape between stock market development and economic growth
is found. 相似文献
999.
We analyze the impact of leniency programs on the behavior of firms participating in illegal cartel agreements in a two-stage
repeated game model. Our approach takes into account asymmetric punishment effect and allows to discuss the design of leniency
programs in the setting with asymmetries. The main contribution of the paper is that we consider heterogeneous firms. This
heterogeneity results in additional costs in case of disclosure of the cartel, which are caused by asymmetric punishments.
Next, following current antitrust rules, we analyze effects of the strictness of leniency programs, which reflects the likelihood
of getting a complete exemption from fine even in case many firms self-report simultaneously. Our main conclusion is that
leniency programs work better for small companies, since a lower rate of law enforcement is needed in order to induce self-reporting
by smaller firms, while big firms are less likely to start a cartel in the first place given the possibility of self-reporting
in future. Finally, we analyze optimal enforcement strategies of the antitrust authority and conclude that the authority with
limited resources should implement more generous leniency rules the more cartelized the economy is. 相似文献
1000.
This article examines cost economies, productivity growth and cost efficiency of the Chinese banks using a unique panel dataset
that identifies banks’ four outputs and four input prices over the period of 1995–2001. By assessing the appropriateness of
model specification, and making use of alternative methodologies in evaluating the performance of banks, we find that the
joint-stock commercial banks outperform state-owned commercial banks in productivity growth and cost efficiency. Under the
variable cost assumption, Chinese banks display economies of scale, with state-owned commercial banks enjoying cost advantages
over the joint-stock commercial banks. Consequently, our results highlight the ownership advantage of these two types of banks
and generally support the ongoing banking reform and transformation that is currently taking place in China. 相似文献