劳动合同法与企业劳动力成本——基于珠三角地区外向型制造业企业的调查与分析

目前对《劳动合同法》立法初衷的争论存在偏误、对其核心认识不准确。根据对珠三角地区外向型劳动密集制造加工业企业调查资料的分析,劳动合同法产生提高劳动力成本效果的项目主要集中在最低工资、社会保险缴纳、加班工时与休假、解除劳动合同经济补偿等直接用工成本项目上,但起因并不是劳动合同法立法初衷所致,而是制度衔接障碍、实施细则和法律环境不完善以及劳动密集产业结构特点等造成。正确认识和对待劳动合同法,坚定地保护劳动雇佣关系中双方的合法合理权益才是对劳动合同法与企业劳动力成本关系的更为本质的准确认识。     

河南区域性资本市场构建研究

中小企业是河南经济发展的主力军,其发展之瓶颈是融资难。主要原因是直接融资市场上主板和创业板标准高、容量小,无法满足中小企业上市需求;间接融资市场天生不适合中小企业融资。设立河南区域性资本市场,充分发挥其功能与作用,有利于中小企业融资与创新以及资本资源优化配置。河南区域性资本市场建设重点是打造较低层级的地方性资本市场,即设立郑州证交所、河南柜台市场以及培育一定数量的风险投资基金。     

美国服务贸易的环境效应——以出口为例

本文以当今世界服务业发展水平最高的美国为例,在对跨境服务贸易和外国附属机构服务贸易分类比较的基础上,通过对2002年6种主要污染物的12个服务业部门的污染排放进行基于8个主要贸易伙伴的国别计算,横向比较美国服务出口对本国造成的环境影响,借此重新认识美国各服务业部门参与国际贸易的环境污染状况,在此基础上提出环保约束下美国调整服务业发展格局及优化对外服务贸易地理的若干政策建议。     

制造业产业结构变迁的路径分析——基于劳动力成本优势和全要素生产率的测算

随着近年来我国快速的经济发展和工资水平的迅速上升,在某种程度上过度依赖低廉的劳动力来实现经济的增长在长期内是不可能持续的,所以迫切要求产业结构的升级以及增长方式的转变.本文通过采用2000-2007年中国制造业全部规模以上企业数据,计算并分析了我国制造业的全要素生产率水平以及劳动力成本状况,结果发现,长期来看资本密集型产业更具有单位劳动力成本优势,因而进行劳动密集型产业向资本密集型产业的升级是我国制造业今后发展的必然选择.同时我们发现劳动密集型产业通过多年的发展成熟,其全要素生产率的贡献较高,并且鉴于其在吸纳就业方面的重要优势,我们认为从短期和阶段性的时期来看,劳动密集型产业的存在和发展对我国经济的发展和众多人口的就业仍然具有重要的意义.     

全球价值链视角下中国的FTA贸易伙伴选择-基于贸易增加值数据的分析

在全球价值链视角下,FTA数量的增长和层次的提升对中国的对外贸易和经济增长产生了怎样的影响?中国下一步应该如何选择FTA对象?文章基于ADBMRIO和OECDICIO的国别(地区)贸易增加值数据,通过拓展的贸易引力模型研究了FTA数量和FTA层次对中国贸易增加值的影响.研究表明:FTA的建立使中国与成员国(地区)之间的贸易自由化和便利化水平进一步提升;目前FTA对贸易增加值的作用仍然以广延边际为主,FTA深度对贸易增加值的集约拉动需要继续加深;与传统贸易活动相比,FTA在全球价值链活动中起到的作用更加突出.效应异质性研究发现:从全球价值链的视角来看,与较发达国家和地区建立FTA对中国对外贸易的拉动作用最大;FTA参与度较高以及2008年金融危机之后与中国建立FTA的国家和地区对中国全球价值链参与度和竞争力的提升有显著的帮助;与中国距离较近的国家和地区建立FTA有利于中国贸易增加值的提升,但随着科技的进步,地理距离在对外贸易中的影响正在逐渐下降.因此,中国应加快FTA的全球战略布局,在增加FTA数量的同时,加强FTA的深度建设,注重FTA贸易伙伴的多元化,在亚洲邻国的基础上,加快与世界主要经济体之间的FTA谈判步伐.     

A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic guidelines

Objective: To review, summarize, and analyze both similarities and differences of pharmacoeconomic (PE) guidelines, to enable researchers to access their characteristics and the current state of PE guidelines; furthermore, to learn which methodological issues still remain contested and to promote the methodological development of PE guidelines.

Materials and methods: The authors performed a search for PE guidelines using PubMed, the Cochrane library database, and the websites of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Information of each guideline was extracted using a pre-designed extraction template, which included 22 aspects; the guidelines were summarized in the forms of charts, and their characteristics have been described.

Results: A total of 40 PE guidelines were studied. The most common methodological issues include the types of analysis, sources for effectiveness, use of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) to measure outcomes, and use of incremental cost effectiveness ratios to present results. The majority of the guidelines preferred a cost utility analysis with outcomes expressed in terms of QALYs. Most of the guidelines preferred meta-analysis or meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials, and required a systematic review of all evidence. Issues that varied most in the guidelines were the choice of the comparator, recommended costs to be included, methods related to indirect cost calculations, methods of sensitivity analysis, and discounting rate.

Conclusion: A comparison of these guidelines revealed that a number of differences exist among them in several key aspects, and some critical methodological issues still exist, for which no best solution is available. Furthermore, efforts need to be made to develop harmonious methods for the PE, and to improve the transferability of the outcomes of PE evaluations.     

Structural changes in heterogeneous panels with endogenous regressors

This paper extends Pesaran's (Econometrica, 2006, 74, 967–1012) common correlated effects (CCE) by allowing for endogenous regressors in large heterogeneous panels with unknown common structural changes in slopes and error factor structure. Since endogenous regressors and structural breaks are often encountered in empirical studies with large panels, this extension makes Pesaran's CCE approach empirically more appealing. In addition to allowing for slope heterogeneity and cross‐sectional dependence, we find that Pesaran's CCE approach is also valid when dealing with unobservable factors in the presence of endogenous regressors and structural changes in slopes and error factor loadings. This is supported by Monte Carlo experiments.