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231.
NUNO LIMÃO 《The Review of economic studies》2007,74(3):821-855
In many preferential trade agreements (PTAs), countries exchange not only reductions in trade barriers but also cooperation in non-trade issues such as labour and environmental standards, intellectual property, etc. We provide a model of PTAs motivated by cooperation in non-trade issues and analyse its implications for global free trade and welfare. We find that such PTAs increase the cost of multilateral tariff reductions and thus cause a stumbling block to global free trade. This occurs because multilateral tariff reductions decrease the threat that can be used in PTAs and thus the surplus that can be extracted from them. By explicitly modelling the interaction between preferential and multilateral negotiations, we derive a testable prediction and provide novel econometric evidence that supports the model's key prediction. The welfare analysis shows that the current World Trade Organization rules allowing this type of PTAs may be optimal for economically large countries, thus the model can predict the rules we observe. We also analyse alternative rules that constitute a Pareto improvement. 相似文献
232.
Katarina Elofsson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,36(2):143-162
Unilateral abatement is sometimes advocated in order to set a good example that will make other countries follow. The aim
of this paper is to investigate whether existence of correlated cost uncertainty provides an incentive for a country to undertake
unilateral abatement. The theoretical model is driven by two main mechanisms; first, a learning effect, as the follower country
might reduce its risk premium as it can observe the cost level in the leader country. Second, there is the public good effect,
i.e., the marginal benefit of abatement declines when abatement is a public good and other countries contribute to pollution
reductions. Results shows that unilateral abatement would be efficient in reducing uncertainty about the unit costs of abatement
if a country with low cost uncertainty would undertake abatement first, while a country with initially high cost uncertainty
would follow. However, countries may prefer to act simultaneously because of the larger uncertainties that are inherent in
a sequential game.
相似文献
233.
This paper presents an agent-based simulation model with local network externality to analyze strategic interactions over
investment on new economic knowledge. R&D knowledge flows and spillovers are the results of non-cooperative games played between
neighboring agents in the model. The model demonstrates a situation where no agents have incentives to hide their economic
knowledge, a situation that is observed in open source software development projects. The likelihood of obtaining a stable
situation where new economic knowledge is openly shared is increased when heterogeneity of agents is introduced.
相似文献
234.
Abstract. This paper explores the extent to which majority rule is invulnerable to manipulation by individuals and coalitions, even
when majority rule is used to select more than one alternative. The resulting rule may or may not be strategy-proof, depending
on the size of the coalitions that can form, and on the nature of the individual preferences over sets of alternatives. No
individual can manipulate with respect to a wide family of preferences over sets. The only restriction on the domain of true and revealed
individual preferences is that the selection rule is always well defined.
Received: 1 November 1999 / Accepted: 7 May 2001
We thank two anonymous referees for suggestions that have significantly improved the paper. We are also grateful to l'Université
de Caen for sponsoring a Workshop on Social Choice Theory, where a first draft of this paper was presented in May, 1999, and
to the workshop participants for helpful observations. Work on the final version of the paper was done while one of the authors
was a guest of the Project on Intergenerational Equity supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of
Japan. We are grateful to the Ministry and to the project leader, Professor Kotaro Suzumura, for their support. 相似文献
235.
Simple models of local government behavior predict equal effects of private income and unconditional federal grants on local
government expenditures. Numerous empirical analyses, however, find that the effect of grants is larger than the income effect.
We argue that this flypaper effect may be a result of weak political leaderships in multi–issue and multi–party decision–making
environments. In multi–issue institutions, a strong political leadership may reduce inefficiency due to interest group influence
and inter–party bargaining in the local council. Utilizing data for Norwegian local governments in the 1930s, we find that
political strength reduces the size of the flypaper effect. When the local council consists of only one political party, we
cannot reject absence of a flypaper effect, while the flypaper effect is large in fragmented local councils.
Received: June 2000 / accepted: February 2001 相似文献
236.
Action Research is Similar to Design Science 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pertti Järvinen 《Quality and Quantity》2007,41(1):37-54
In management information systems (MIS) action research is long considered as promising but low-level research approach. It
has an utmost relevance because action researchers are working with practitioners to solve the important practical problem.
Design science outlined some years ago is just winning a wider audience. Action research was traditionally classified into
qualitative research methods. But it seems to be the “wrong” home of action research. We shall show that after comparison
of the seven aspects: concrete results of the study, knowledge produced, activities, the intent and the nature of a study,
the division of labor in a study and generation, use and test of knowledge, the concordance between the characteristics of
action research on the one hand and of design science on the other hand is very good. Hence, action research and design science
should next be considered as similar research approaches, and this is a turning point in the history of both action research
and design science. 相似文献
237.
Expressions for marginal distribution functions of sequential order statistics and generalized order statistics are presented without any restrictions imposed on the model parameters. The results are related to the relevation transform, to the distribution of the product of Beta distributed random variables, and to Meijers G-functions. Some selected applications in the areas of moments, conditional distributions, recurrence relations, and reliability properties are shown.
Key words:Order statistics; Generalized order statistics; Sequential order statistics; Record values; Distribution theory; Meijers G-function; Recurrence relations; Reliability properties. 相似文献
238.
Abstract . Today's conventional economics typically ignores the impact of alternative forms of work organization upon the welfare of the worker. In effect, its methodology is concerned with the welfare of the individual as a consumer, but not with the welfare of the individual as a worker. Hence, welfare conclusions of economics are subject to challenge on grounds of being incomplete. Whether the worker is alienated or achieves self-fulfillment, etc., stands in no necessary relationship to either the formal lines of enterprise ownership, political ideology or form of economic system. Questions of authority and power in work organizations and the workplace conditions affecting the worker on the job transcend them. 相似文献
239.
The effect of differencing all of the variables in a properly specified regression equation is examined. Excessive use of the difference transformation induces a non-invertible moving average (MA) process in the disturbances of the transformed regression. Monte Carlo techniques are used to examine the effects of overdifferencing on the efficiency of regression parameter estimates, inferences based on these estimates, and tests for overdifferenccing based on the estimator of the MA parameter for the disturbances of the differences regression. Overall, the problem of overdifferencing is not serious if careful attention is paid to the properties of the disturbances of regression equations. 相似文献
240.
Variables sampling plans based upon continuous distributions are well known. The usual assumption is that a measurable characteristic associated with a product has a normal distribution, a case which has been treated extensively in the literature. Other continuous distributions, particularly the exponential, have also been used as models. In this paper we discuss variables sampling plans for situations in which the measurable characteristic has either a Poisson or a binomial distribution. 相似文献