Rethinking flow: qualitative insights from Mexican cross-border shopping

The purpose of our study is twofold: (1) to conceptualize the flow construct in the offline retail environment not only as a psychological phenomenon but also as a sociocultural phenomenon by exploring related cultural variables and (2) to adopt a qualitative approach as a means to provide broader coverage of the likely factors associated with flow. We follow a grounded theory approach to formulate a conceptual model about the phenomenon of interest. Data collection includes semistructured in-depth interviews and a focus group. For data interpretation, we applied semiotic and narrative textual analyses. We propose a model of the antecedents leading to flow experience in the offline retail environment, introducing macro (sociocultural) factors and advancing micro (psychological) factors. Key elements of flow require a more refined definition in the offline retail environment. Several macro (cultural) attributes that influence Mexican shoppers' propensity to experience flow while either just browsing or fulfilling their shopping goals were identified. Retailers' efforts should be directed to providing opportunities for flow experience by articulating the right communication strategies. Qualitative methods uncovered a unique perspective exploring sociocultural characteristics and redefining individual characteristics of the offline retail shopping experience.     

When transparency pays off: Enticing sceptical consumers with two-sided advertising

It has been generally assumed that higher levels of scepticism towards advertising invariably lead to higher resistance to advertising appeals. The main purpose of the present research was to examine whether highly sceptical consumers' resistance can be overcome by appeals associated with higher credibility. We tested our hypotheses using message sidedness as an advertising variable that has been associated with higher (two-sided) versus lower (one-sided) credibility. In three experimental studies, we examined more versus less sceptical consumers' responses to two- versus one-sided appeals. We found that two-sided messages are more effective in increasing purchase intentions, through enhanced credibility, but only for consumers who are more sceptical of advertising. Less sceptical consumers trust both messages equally and their purchase intentions are not affected by the type of message. Importantly, we also showed that highly sceptical consumers trust two-sided appeals as much as their less sceptical counterparts. The study contributes to the literature on advertising and persuasion knowledge by showing that advertising scepticism does not elicit a single response tendency, as originally conceptualized. Rather, advertising scepticism is more consistent with the underpinnings of the Persuasion Knowledge Model, in that higher knowledge about persuasion tactics aids consumers to better cope with, and not invariably resist persuasion attempts. We conclude that transparency pays off because it may entice a more sceptical audience and, at the same time, it does not harm less sceptical consumers' trust and purchase intentions.     

The division of housework: Choice and exchange

The theory, a social exchange theory of the division of housework, proposes that consumers, in their home production roles, determine the amount of effort that they will spend in housework based on the profit that they anticipate from housework activities. Results of the data analysis indicate that husbands and wives do take into account certain costs and rewards when making individual choices on the amount of effort to be spent in such activities. Indirect costs (time pressures) was the best predictor of the amount of effort spent in housework for both husbands and wives. Implications for marketing and public policy are discussed.

---

Die Verteilung der häuslichen Arbeit: Auswahl und Austausch

Zusammenfassung Das Hauptanliegen der Studie, über die der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet, ist die Erklärung der Aufteilung der Hausarbeit zwischen Mann und Frau als einem wichtigen Aspekt der Haushaltsstruktur. Unter Forschungsgesichtspunkten wird die Aufteilung der Hausarbeit unter dem Paradigma des sozialen Austausches analysiert. Deshalb stützt sich die Untersuchung stark auf die Konzepte von Auswahl und Austausch.Nach der Theorie des sozialen Austausches werden die Haushaltsteilnehmer das Ausmaß an Anstrengung, das sie in die Hausarbeit stecken, an der Größe des vermutlichen Vorteils ausrichten, den sie aus den haushälterischen Aktivitäten ziehen. Um diese Theorie zu testen, wurden Daten einer landesweiten US-amerikanischen Stichprobe multiplen Regressions- und Kovarianz-Analysen unterzogen.Die Ergebnisse bieten einige Unterstützung für die Theorie. Die Ehepartner richten sich nach bestimmten Kosten und Erträgen, wenn sie ihre individuelle Beteiligung an dem Aufwand für die Haushaltsarbeit planen. Indirekte Kosten, vor allem Zeitdruck, ergab sich als bester Prädiktor für das Ausmaß an Beteiligung an der Hausarbeit, und zwar für beide Ehepartner.Unter Marketinggesichtspunkten haben diese Beobachtungen Rückwirkungen auf die Untersuchung des Konsumentenverhaltens und auf das Aufspüren von Marktchancen. Bisherige Theorien des Konsumentenverhaltens nehmen an, daß das subjektive Wohlbefinden des Konsumenten ausschließlich eine Funktion der gewählten Marken oder Produktvarianten sei. Diese Theorien übersehen, daß es eigentlich ein haushaltsinterner Produktionsprozeß ist, der letztlich ein bestimmtes Maß von Konsumentenzufriedenheit bewirkt. Marketingüberlegungen sollten sich stärker mit den hierin liegenden Marktchancen beschäftigen.Schließlich diskutiert der Beitrag zweierlei gesellschaftliche Implikationen der Befunde. Zum einen könnte eine stärkere öffentliche Bereitstellung oder Unterstützung von Kindertagesstätten die Möglichkeiten der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt verbessern. Stärkere Beteiligung der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt ohne die längeren Unterbrechungen, die häufig mit der Kinderfürsorge verbunden sind, könnte wiederum zu einer Reduktion ihrer Beteiligung an der häuslichen Arbeit führen. Zum zweiten könnte das öffentliche Schulsystem eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Hausarbeit fördern, vor allem durch eine allgemeinere Unterweisung in hauswirtschaftlichen Fertigkeiten und durch die Förderung solcher gesellschaftlicher Leitvorstellungen, die die herkömmliche geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsaufteilung im Haushalt überwinden.

---

---

Sigfredo A. Hernandez is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Rider College, Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.     

Foreign Direct Investment Liberalization Between Canada and the USA: A CGE Investigation

In this paper, we develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to shed quantitative light on the implications of a scenario of deeper economic integration between Canada and the United States, where the barriers for foreign direct investment are preferentially eliminated. Our model distinguishes between the activities of domestic and foreign-owned firms at the microeconomic level, both in terms of demand and production characteristics. Overall our findings suggest that further investment liberalization between the two countries will accelerate the shaping of Canada’s industrial structure, as manifested by recent trends.

Peginterferon beta-1a versus other self-injectable disease-modifying therapies in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Scotland: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Aims: Peginterferon beta-1a 125?mcg administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks, a new disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), was approved in January 2015 by the Scottish Medicines Consortium. This study assesses long-term clinical and economic outcomes of peginterferon beta-1a compared with other self-injectable DMTs (interferon beta-1a [22?mcg, 30?mcg, and 44?mcg], interferon beta-1b, and glatiramer acetate 20?mg) in the treatment of RRMS, from the National Health Service and Personal Social Services perspective in Scotland.

Methods: A previously published, validated Markov cohort model was adapted for this analysis. The model estimates changes in patient disability, occurrence of relapses, and other adverse events, and translates them into quality-adjusted life years and costs. Natural history data came from the ADVANCE trial of peginterferon beta-1a, the London Ontario (Canada) database, and a large population-based MS survey in the UK. The comparative efficacy of each DMT vs placebo was obtained from a network meta-analysis. Costs (2015 British Pounds) were obtained from public databases and literature. Clinical and economic outcomes were projected over 30 years and discounted at 3.5% per year.

Results: Over 30 years, peginterferon beta-1a was dominant compared with interferon beta-1a (22, 30, and 44?mcg), and interferon beta-1b, and cost-effective compared with glatiramer acetate 20?mg. Results were most sensitive to variations in each DMT’s efficacy and acquisition costs. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results.

Limitations: The impact of improved adherence with peginterferon beta-1a on clinical and economic outcomes and the impact of subsequent DMTs after treatment discontinuation were not considered. Oral and infused DMTs were not included as comparators.

Conclusion Long-term treatment with peginterferon beta-1a improves clinical outcomes, while its cost profile makes it either dominant or cost-effective compared with other self-injectable DMTs for the treatment of RRMS in Scotland.     

La medición del capital intelectual y su impacto en el rendimiento financiero en empresas del sector industrial en México

Currently knowledge is considered an essential resource to contribute to the creation and generation of competitive advantage in organizations. The human factor as an intangible resource of a company has become a main value generator, and even though both knowledge management and intellectual capital are intangibles that can be measured in the financial reports of companies, their position as main value generators is not reflected in financial information. In Mexico, industrial sector companies need to promote the creation of intellectual added value based on its own abilities, which reside on their intellectual capital. The value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC?), with its components, is a tool that contributes to achieving this goal, and helps to identify the positive impact on key factors such as financial profitability, market capitalization and level of share value.     

A cross-cultural study of consumer complaining behavior: VCR owners in the U.S. and Puerto Rico

This study investigates differences in complaining behavior between American and Puerto Rican VCR owners. It is proposed that in Puerto Rico, both cultural values and institutional barriers tend to impose restrictions on complaining behavior that do not exist in the U.S. Hypotheses are developed concerning the impact of cultural differences on: (a) perceptual and attitudinal antecedents to complaining in Day's (1984) model of complaining behavior, (b) the propensity to complain, and (c) the use of public vs. private actions.Results of the data analysis indicate that Puerto Rican VCR owners are less likely to complain than American VCR owners. Also, among complainers, Puerto Ricans were found less likely to take public actions than Americans. Only weak support was obtained for the predicted differences on the antecedent variables to complaining. Implications for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.

---

Ein interkultureller Vergleich des Beschwerdeverhaltens von Konsumenten: Besitzer von Videokassettenrecordern in den USA und in Puerto Rico

Zusammenfassung Die Studie geht davon aus, daß in Puerto Rico sowohl kulturelle Werthaltungen als auch insitutionelle Barrieren das Beschwerdeverhalten von Konsumenten stärker einschränken als in den USA. Diskutiert werden fünf hinderliche Wertorientierungen, nämlich Passivität, internale Attribution, Abhängigkeit, Vermeidung von Unsicherheit und Fatalismus. Mit institutionellen Barrieren werden Eigenschaften der Marketinginstitutionen gemeint, die direktes Beschwerdeverhalten abwehren. Offensichtlich sind Marketingabteilungen in Puerto Rico weniger empfänglich für kritische Meinungen von Konsumenten als vergleichbare Einrichtungen in den Vereinigten Staaten.Bei der Hypothesenbildung werden die Einflußfaktoren auf das Beschwerdeverhalten nach dem Modell von Day(1984) benutzt, die mit kulturellen Unterschieden variieren dürften. Diese Einflußfaktoren sind(a) die wahrgenommenen Kosten der Beschwerde, (b) die subjektiv empfundene Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß die Beschwerde Erfolg haben wird, und (c) die Einstellung gegenüber dem Beschweren als Verhaltensweise. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen bei Puertoricanern tatsächlich eine geringere Tendenz zum Beschwerdeverhalten als bei Amerikanern, wenn auch im einzelnen nicht alle Hypothesen durch die Daten gestützt werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert Schlußfolgerungen sowohl für das Marketing wie auch für die Verbraucherpolitik. Die Anbieter sollten die Empfänglichkeit für Konsumentenbeschwerden in Puerto Rico erhöhen. Kommunikationspolitische Maßnahmen der Hersteller von Videokassettenrecordern sollten den Konsumenten in Puerto Rico deutlich machen, daß ihnen die Zufriedenheit der Kunden ein echtes Anliegen ist.Andererseits sollte die staatliche Einrichtung für Konsumentenangelegenheiten in Puerto Rico Erziehungsprogramme entwickeln mit dem Ziel, Konsumenten deutlich zu machen, daß Beschwerdeführung bei Produktmängeln ein angemessenes und wünschenswertes Verhalten ist. Ebenso sollte diese Einrichtung prüfen, ob neue gesetzgeberische Maßnahmen zum Verbraucherschutz notwendig sind.

---

---

Sigfredo A. Hernandez and William Strahle are Assistant Professors of Marketing and Robert C. Sorensen is Professor of Marketing at Rider College, Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA. Hector L. Garcia is Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at Universidad del Turabo, P.O. Box 3030, University Station, Gurabo, PR 00658, USA.     

X-Factor updating and total factor productivity growth: the case of peruvian telecommunications, 1996–2003

This paper measures TFP growth of Telefonica del Peru, and based on this growth rate computes a telecommunications X-factor or offset. More broadly the paper analyses the problem of updating an X-factor under existing price cap regulation. A revised offset must account for the possible restructuring of service offerings resulting from improved efficiencies in response to price cap incentives. Our updating framework focuses on efficiency criteria, and based on economic principles emphasizes the continuity between prior and continuing standards. In the case of Peru, based on annual average TFP growth of 1.66%, the X-factor is computed to be 4.06% per year. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Mean residual life functions of finite mixtures,order statistics and coherent systems

We study properties of the mean residual life functions of finite mixtures. Specifically, we study ordering properties, monotonicity and the limiting behaviour. We show, under some mild conditions, that the limiting behaviour is similar to that of the strongest member (in the mean residual life order) of the mixture. We also consider the case of negative mixtures (i.e., mixtures with some negative coefficients) which is applied to study the behaviour of the mean residual life of order statistics and coherent systems with possibly dependent components. Partially Supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologí a under grant BFM2003-02947 and Fundación Séneca under grant 00698/PI/04.