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411.
Herbert Spencer (1820–1930) believed that Victorian Britain was moving toward a society of total regimentation (slavery). This movement was part of a cosmic process of evolution and dissolution. While the long-run (but not ultimate) destination of society was a higher form of social organization based on voluntary and complex interpersonal relationships, the immediate tendency was retrograde—a movement away from the liberation of mankind from the bondage of previous eras. This Article explores (1) the reasons for the retrograde movement, (2) its inevitability, and (3) the role of ideas in the process. The general conclusion is that in an effort to explain the general movement of social institutions and practices, Spencer develops a mechanical and deterministic approach which undermines his ability to pass normative judgements on changes in society. 相似文献
412.
Edward Bellamy proposed an ideal egalitarian economy in which production is carried out as a nonprofit government service, income is shared equally by all individuals independently of work exertion, and relative work hours are used as incentives to allocate labor to different jobs. This economy is shown to possess an equilibrium consistent with full freedom of individual choice of occupation and consumption, to be achieved through a fully decentralized titonnement process. However, individuals have an obligation to work which deprives them of their freedom to choose between income and leisure, so that the scale of output is indeterminate and may be nonoptimal unless a social-welfare function is introduced. 相似文献
413.
M. Ángeles Oviedo-García Mario Castellanos-Verdugo M. Antonia Trujillo-García Thaddeus Mallya 《旅游业当前问题》2016,19(7):713-733
Tourists' attraction to filmed sites has increased destination marketing organisations (DMOs) interest in film-induced tourism. Seville, Spain, has been the setting of many national and international film productions. Film tourism research has focused on impacts, travel preferences and destination choice, but there is a lack of research on motivations of film tourism. As a consequence, DMO actions in film tourism are often developed ad hoc, in an unplanned and opportunistic way without understanding the phenomenon. This research tries to fill this gap by focusing on film tourism in Seville in order to identify film tourists' motivations. Results identify film tourism activity and find five motivations of the film-induced tourist in Seville: film site experiences, fantasy, novelty, touring the film and personal film-location connection. Results show films add something valuable to destination experience (as a secondary or tertiary attraction). Destination managers should consider novelty factor as an element to enhance tourist experience, especially for non-European ones as well as for female tourists and tourist above 25 years, to motivate a slightly positive site experience. 相似文献
414.
Dario Guarascio Mario Pianta Francesco Bogliacino 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2016,26(4):869-905
In this article we extend the model developed by Bogliacino and Pianta (Industrial and Corporate Change 22 649, 2013, b) on the link between R&D, innovation and economic performance, considering the impact of innovation on export success. We develop a simultaneous three equation model in order to investigate the existence of a ‘virtuous circle’ between industries’ R&D, share of product innovators and export market shares. We investigate empirically – at the industry level – three key relationships affecting the dynamics of innovation and export performance: first, the capacity of firms to translate their R&D efforts in new products; second, the role of innovation as a determinant of export market shares; third, the export success as a driver of new R&D efforts. The model is tested for 38 manufacturing and service sectors of six European countries over three time periods, from 1995 to 2010. The model effectively accounts for the dynamics of R&D efforts, innovation and international performance of European industries. Moreover, important differences across countries emerge when we split our sample into a Northern group – Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom – and a Southern group – France, Italy and Spain. We find that the ‘virtuous circle’ between innovation and competitiveness holds for Northern economies only, while Southern industries fail to translate innovation efforts into export success. 相似文献
415.
Mario Coccia 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2016,28(4):381-395
An interesting problem in management of technology and economics of innovation is how to explain the sources of some breakthroughs in research organisations. The present study confronts this problem by analysing the main determinant of the discovery of quasi-periodic materials that has generated a scientific paradigm shift in crystallography. The inductive study shows that radical innovations adopted in research labs, used by high-skilled adopters (called lab-oriented radical innovations; e.g. the Transmission Electron Microscopy), support breakthroughs and enhance discovery processes. This evidence substantiates a theoretical framework, which explains the main relations, characteristics, and properties of lab-oriented radical innovations that improve discovery processes and induce the superior organisational performance in advanced scientific fields. R&D management implications are discussed. 相似文献
416.
417.
It has been claimed that the ability of emerging markets to adopt optimal stabilization policies is hampered by a number of factors. Among them, it has been recently emphasized the role of financial instability, inefficiencies, and financial market imperfections. It is claimed here that the current financial regulatory paradigm, embodied in Basel II, may improve financial stability but reinforces cyclicality. Therefore, countries should emphasize financial efficiency since it would lead to enhanced financial stability, without increasing cyclicality. 相似文献
418.
Mario Holzner Marina Tkalec Maruška Vizek Goran Vukšić 《Review of World Economics》2018,154(2):247-275
We study the effects of fiscal devaluations on the trade balances of European Union countries over the 2000–2014 period using bilateral trade balance data. This enables us to control for the coincidence of tax policy measures in different countries, which is an aspect left unconsidered in previous econometric studies. A fiscal devaluation consisting of a budget-neutral tax shift in the amount of 1% of gross domestic product (GDP) from employers’ social security contributions to value added tax leads to a short-term improvement of bilateral trade balance ranging between 0.3 and 0.6% of GDP. An extrapolation of our baseline estimate to the overall trade balance yields an impact of 4.3% of GDP for the whole sample, which is slightly higher than presented in previous empirical research. Applying extrapolation to the trade deficit countries in the euro area shows that these countries’ balance of trade with the rest of the euro area improves by only 0.75% of GDP. Thus, the magnitude of the fiscal devaluation impact on the trade balance varies significantly across countries, depending on their trade openness, among other potentially relevant factors. 相似文献
419.
A dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy specialized in producing tourism services is presented. The tourism
package is a bundle of attributes provided by firms, the government and the natural environment. Investment in accommodation
increases the number of visitors but also congests public goods and reduces environmental quality. The model is used to determine
the conditions for the existence of a long-term double dividend. These conditions depend on both the initial level of environmental
quality and the responsiveness of the tourism price to marginal changes in environmental and accommodation quality and congestion
of public goods.
Support from the Balearic Islands Government (PRIB-2004-10142) and helpful comments from anonymous referees are gratefully
thanked. 相似文献
420.
The importance of reciprocity is not new in economics. Contractual market exchanges and long-run interactions are both situations based on self-interested reciprocal behaviour. However, reciprocity is not only a behaviour but also a motive that sometimes appears to be inconsistent with self-interest. This fact produces a tension between those who try to explain reciprocal behaviour within the standard framework and those who aim at enlarging it with the introduction of additional behavioural principles. This special issue collects a selection of papers presented at the International Conference “Reciprocity. Theory and facts” were the two perspectives were compared and discussed. In this Introduction note we provide first a broad view of the role of reciprocity in economics and then a quick introduction to each of the contributions enclosed in this special issue. 相似文献