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881.
882.
Paul J. J. Welfens Nan Yu David Hanrahan Yong Geng 《International Economics and Economic Policy》2017,14(3):517-535
The Emission Trading Schemes of China and Europe show that China’s envisaged national ETS could bring a major contribution in the international approach against global warming; new perspectives on the use of composite sustainability indicators are also highlighted. China’s regional pilot schemes will converge to a (more) uniform price of emission allowances. As China is a major economic and political actor in the world economy, China’s progress with ETS is important. At the same time, China’s progress in the field of green international competitiveness – standing for a positive revealed comparative advantage in environmentally friendly goods – in the period 2000–2015 is considerable and the improved positioning of China in the EIIW-vita sustainability indicator shows considerable technological dynamics in Asia. The European ETS is working, but it suffers from the rather low price of emission allowances. The long-term time horizon of 2050 in the EU climate policy is rather ambitious and it is unclear whether or not a consistent G20 approach can be achieved – with the EU, China, Japan and the US cooperating amongst each other. There is a lack of a specialized climate stabilization institution in the world economy, the traditional anchoring of climate policy in the UN weakens the practical pressure for efficient cooperation since the UN is very heterogeneous in terms of per capita income and GHG emissions per unit of GDP; G20 might be an institution that is suitable for effective policy cooperation. More initiatives in the field of recycling could be useful. 相似文献
883.
We use matched employee–employer data from Britain to assess the influence of disability-specific workplace policies and practices on the earnings of disabled workers. The presence of equal opportunities policies increases the relative wages of disabled workers, but this is partially offset by the negative influence of workplace accommodations. 相似文献
884.
Paul Calcott 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2010,38(2):167-179
Regulators would often like firms to adopt systems of internal control, such as Environmental Management Systems. This paper examines a choice for such a regulator, whether to make such internal controls mandatory. If even unenthusiastic firms are required to institute their own systems, some of them may do so in a perfunctory or cosmetic fashion. With voluntary controls, firms that do not institute systems of internal controls can be obliged to follow specification standards instead. A disadvantage of mandatory controls is highlighted; more compromises have to be made in designing the regulatory framework. 相似文献
885.
Wan-Jiun Paul Chiou Alice C. Lee Cheng-Few Lee 《International Review of Economics & Finance》2010,19(1):95-105
This paper investigates how the legal environment in a country influences performance and risk of stock across countries at different developmental stages and of various rules of jurisdiction. Using data of 4916 stocks from 37 countries, our empirical findings confirm that equities in countries with English common law origin have higher risk premiums than those in civil law countries, particularly for countries of the French/Spanish code. The indicators representing high efficiency in law system, low corruption, strong legal protection of investors' rights, and reliable political environment are associated with low risk and high performance. The various elements of legal procedural formalism, however, have differing effects on volatility and return. 相似文献
886.
Wim Kösters Paul De Grauwe Daniel Gros Waltraud Schelkle Deborah Mabbett Desmond Lachman 《Intereconomics》2010,45(6):340-356
Eight months ago, as the risk of sovereign default in Greece fi rst emerged, the Intereconomics Forum invited a number of
contributors to examine the options available to EU policymakers. As the threats to European Monetary Union resurface now,
six of the same authors return in this issue’s Forum to reassess the situation, in particular with regard to the EU’s recent
policy responses to the ongoing crisis. Whereas both optimists and pessimists could support their views with strong arguments
eight months ago, the EU’s current predicament has shifted the prevailing sentiment strongly toward the pessimistic view.
From the Irish bailout to the precarious status of Portugal, not to mention the potentially disastrous situation looming in
Spain, our contributors are uncertain whether EU policymakers are up to the challenge of defending the euro. As evidence of
this, several point to the EU Council’s October decision to establish a permanent crisis resolution mechanism to ensure an
orderly state insolvency procedure, which did little to calm markets. Nonetheless, most of these economists still see ways
for the EU to escape the crisis without being forced to abandon the common currency. 相似文献
887.
In this paper, we critique the emergent international normative framework of growth – the knowledge economy. We point out
that the standardized character of knowledge economy’s flagship – intellectual property rights (IPRs) – has an adverse impact
on women in emerging economies, such as India. Conversely, this impact on women, a significant consumer segment, has a feedback
effect in terms of market growth. Conceptually, we analyze the consequences of knowledge economy and standardized IPR through
a feminist lens. We extend the analyses by pointing to various contradictions surrounding growth norms; for example, there
are inherent contradictions between established “formal” legalistic interpretation of IPR, “soft law” norms of corporate social
responsibility, a fluid situation of moral claims of human rights, and different institutional capabilities at the international
and domestic level. Consequently, we are able to demonstrate how standard IPR laws fail to deliver equity for all. We argue
our case through exploring the growth aspects of the agricultural sector in India and the adverse impact of standard biopatenting
on women farmers’ rights (as producers and consumers) and preservation of environment. We suggest that desired gendered equity
is better achieved when there is a constellation of actors – private-sector business, the state, and civil-society leaders
– working together to ensure a balanced development through tailoring of IPR to local needs. 相似文献
888.
Cross-sectional data from four Surveys of Small Business Finance demonstrate that economies of scale in money holding exist,
that these economies appear to be increasing over time, and that the magnitudes are greater than those estimated for large
US corporations. Firms not practising several specific cash management techniques and firms facing constraints in the credit
market hold lower money balances. Minority-owned firms exhibit economies of scale similar to the overall sample but cash management
practices and credit constraint variables generally do not influence their money holding behavior. Scale economies vary widely
across industries but overall means are relatively stable over time. 相似文献
889.
890.
Internetization as the necessary condition for internationalization in the newly emerging economy 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Hamid Etemad Ian Wilkinson Leo Paul Dana 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2010,8(4):319-342
The internationalization of entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly facilitated through the use of the internet. This article
introduces the term “internetization” to refer to the process of increasing adoption, diffusion, and deployment of internet-based
technologies and processes that increasingly serve as the back bone of internationalization, especially in the innovative
entrepreneurial firms. This process may be compared to the firm’s adoption and use of the internet and the internet-based
processes in transforming the firm to a hybrid network internally and externally within the firm’s home and international
markets, especially when the members of its external network have already internationalized. Internationalization of the firm,
which has been much studied in the international business literature may provide a parallel analogy for study of internetization.
Based on these analogies and within the context of previous literature in internationalization, a brief examination of a typical
rapidly-internationalizing firm through the use of the Internet, and the user-generated provisions of Web 2.0 in particular,
points to the impact of internetization on internationalization. Various theoretical and research issues are highlighted and
discussed, including the important interactions that exist between the processes of internetization and internationalization.
Conclusion suggests that internetization may have become the necessary condition for internationalization. The paper calls
upon the IE scholars to respond to the theoretical challenge of integrating internetization processes into internationalization,
especially for the smaller, entrepreneurial and innovative firms. 相似文献