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41.
This paper reports on the evolution of spatial planning approaches in Israel with emphasis on the relationship between planning and ideology. The major characteristics of planning studied are: (1) the role of planning; (2) the planning process and methodology; (3) the problems and goals of planning; (4) planning concepts at the national and regional level. The main findings of the research identify four major periods which represent phases in the process of paradigm change: the phase of Grand-Ideas, the phase of Action, the phase of Professionalization, and finally the phase of Ad-hocism. The development of these phases is related to geopolitical changes, socio-economic conditions, the social climate, and the planners' background. These phases are examined in the light of the theoretical framework proposed by Kuhn concerning the development of scientific paradigms. 相似文献
42.
K. Brandt A. Stobbe E. H. Buchholz E. Weissel P. Minet A. Montaner K. Borchardt H. B. Bachmann Th. Nowotny J. Vlcek C. -A. Andreae M. Streissler A. Nußbaumer Th. Pütz K. W. Rothschild F. G. Schadlbauer Carlos Uribe Garzón H. Firnberg 《Journal of Economics》1964,24(4):456-480
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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This article proposes an alternative specification for the second stage of the Case‐Shiller repeat‐sales method. This specification is based on serial correlation in the deviations from the mean one‐period returns on the underlying individual assets, whereas the original Case‐Shiller method assumes that the deviations from mean returns by the underlying individual assets are i.i.d. The methodology proposed in this article is easy to implement and provides more accurate estimates of the standard errors of returns under serial correlation. The repeat‐sales methodology is generally used to construct an index of prices or returns for unique, infrequently traded assets such as houses, art and musical instruments, which are likely to be prone to exhibit serial correlation in returns. We demonstrate our methodology on a data set of art prices and on a data set of real estate prices from the city of Amsterdam. 相似文献
45.
Is impacting confidence an important channel by which government spending shocks affect economic activity? In a standard structural VAR, an empirical measure of confidence does not significantly react to spending shocks and output multipliers are around one. In a non-linear VAR, confidence rises following an increase in spending during periods of economic slack and multipliers are much larger. The systematic response of confidence is irrelevant for the output multiplier during normal times, but is critical during recessions. Spending shocks during downturns predict productivity improvements through a persistent increase in government investment relative to consumption, which is reflected in higher confidence. 相似文献
46.
Many papers have documented wide variations in productivityeven in narrowly defined industries. Some have argued that thisprimarily reflects measurement problems due, for example, tocomparing across different products. Others argue that thisreflects persistent differences in performance due, for example,to management. This paper looks at productivity differencesnot within an industry but within a firm. We use data on productivityof different branches within lines of business of a major UK-basedwholesaler. Using these productivity data for comparisons is,we argue, more likely to compare like with like than comparingbetween firms. We document sustained differences in productivityeven between branches within the same line of business. We alsodiscuss the extent to which they are correlated with differencesin management and find that such differences accountfor around 40 per cent of the difference in productivity.
Footnotes
1 E-mail addresses: r.griffith{at}ifs.org.uk; j.e.haskel{at}qmul.ac.uk;a.neely{at}cranfield.ac.uk 相似文献
47.
This paper examines motivations for, and paths to, entrepreneurship among immigrants in Turkey based on interviews with 22 immigrant entrepreneurs in Istanbul. Findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurs in a developing economy may be different from their counterparts in well‐established economies. First, immigrant entrepreneurs rely on their unique human and social capital in the process of starting businesses thanks to their ability to identify opportunities based on insider knowledge of the market in their home and host countries. Second, their ability to foster trusting relationships thanks to language, cultural, and religious knowledge permits immigrant entrepreneurs in an emerging economy to engage in less economically marginal activities. 相似文献
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Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, this paper investigates wage inequality and wage mobility in Europe. Decomposing inequality into within‐ and between‐group inequality, we analyze to what extent wage inequality and mobility can be explained by observable characteristics. Furthermore, we investigate which individual and household characteristics determine transitions within the wage distribution. We find that overall, mobility reduces wage inequality. While a large part of wage inequality is due to unobservable characteristics, the equalizing effect of mobility mainly occurs within groups. Furthermore, both personal and household characteristics play an important role for wage transitions. Finally, our findings reveal large cross‐country differences across Europe. 相似文献
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