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201.
The management and organisation of capital projects in the British National Health Service (NHS) is dependent upon project teams. An analysis of four case studies shows how these teams also act as agents of learning for individuals and the organisation. This article considers the process by which learning came about. In particular it identifies the ability of the project teams to develop a parallel organisation within a wider organisational context. These teams develop specific rules, roles and relationships which help individual project team members to more effectively share their knowledge with others and their organisation. 相似文献
202.
This article applies a labor process analysis to the issue of employment rights in the particular context of gender inequality
and unlawful discrimination in the recruitment process. It criticizes conventional perspectives on employee rights for their
failure to examine critically managerial power and prerogative and its implications for gender inequality. The article outlines
two particular labor process theories of gender divisions and inequality. In exploring the strengths and weaknesses of these
more critical perspectives, the article highlights the analytical significance that they ascribe to power asymmetries in the
labor process and labor market. Building on this perspective, the analysis then presents empirical data on gender discrimination
in the selection practices of contemporary UK organizations. The research material reveals how gender discrimination can be
reproduced, rationalized, and resisted. These empirical findings are theorized through a combined labor process analysis of
power, knowledge, and identity in recruitment practices. We conclude that labor process analysis facilitates our understanding
of the deep-seated barriers that continue to impede the protection of employee rights in workplace practices. 相似文献
203.
Collusion, Delegation and Supervision with Soft Information 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
Antoine Faure-Grimaud Jean-Jacques Laffont David Martimort 《The Review of economic studies》2003,70(2):253-279
This paper shows that supervision with soft information is valuable whenever supervisors and supervisees collude under asymmetric information and proceeds then to derive an Equivalence Principle between organizational forms of supervisory and productive activities. We consider an organization with an agent privately informed on his productivity and a risk averse supervisor getting signals on the agent's type. In a centralized organization, the principal can communicate and contract with both the supervisor and the agent. However, these two agents can collude against the principal. In a decentralized organization, the principal only communicates and contracts with the supervisor who in turn sub-contracts with the agent. We show that the two organizations achieve the same outcome. We discuss this equivalence and provide various comparative statics results to assess the efficiency of supervisory structures. 相似文献
204.
Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The links between income, sexual behavior and reported happiness are studied using recent data on a sample of 16,000 adult Americans. The paper finds that sexual activity enters strongly positively in happiness equations. Higher income does not buy more sex or more sexual partners. Married people have more sex than those who are single, divorced, widowed or separated. The happiness‐maximizing number of sexual partners in the previous year is calculated to be 1. Highly educated females tend to have fewer sexual partners. Homosexuality has no statistically significant effect on happiness. 相似文献
205.
Regulatory decisions often must be made in an atmosphere of uncertainty, and arguments presented by the affected parties frequently
add to, rather than resolve, that uncertainty. Here, we examine several of the deregulatory decisions affecting the long-distance
market that were rendered by the FCC over the two-decade period following the divestiture of AT&T. Our purpose is to provide
empirical evidence relevant to some of the arguments regarding market conditions that were presented during that period. Findings
suggest that some of the more prominent allegations are not supported by the data.
相似文献
206.
Ben?GroomEmail author Cameron?Hepburn Phoebe?Koundouri David?Pearce 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2005,32(4):445-493
The last few years have witnessed important advances in our understanding of time preference and social discounting. In particular, several rationales for the use of time-varying social discount rates have emerged. These rationales range from the ad hoc to the formal, with some founded solely in economic theory while others reflect principles of intergenerational equity. While these advances are to be applauded, the practitioner is left with a confusing array of rationales and the sense that almost any discount rate can be justified. This paper draws together these different strands and provides a critical review of past and present contributions to this literature. In addition to this we highlight some of the problems with employing DDRs in the decision-making process, the most pressing of which may be time inconsistency. We clarify their practical implications, and potential pitfalls, of the more credible rationales and argue that some approaches popular in environmental economics literature are ill-conceived. Finally, we illustrate the impact of different approaches by examining global warming and nuclear power investment. This includes an application and extension of Newell and Pizer [‘Discounting the benefits of climate change mitigation : how much do uncertain rates increase valuations?’ Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46 (2003) 52] to UK interest rate data. 相似文献
207.
Fiscal competition in space and time 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David E. Wildasin 《Journal of public economics》2003,87(11):2571-2588
This paper analyzes fiscal competition among numerous spatially-separated jurisdictions in an explicitly dynamic framework. The degree of factor mobility between jurisdictions is imperfect because it is costly and time-consuming to adjust factor stocks. Even if it is harmful in the long run, taxation of mobile factors redistributes income in favor of the owners of immobile resources in the short run. The locally-optimal tax on mobile factors is lower, the faster the speed with which factors adjust to fiscal policy. Anticipated taxes are less beneficial than those that can be imposed unexpectedly. 相似文献
208.
Motivated by problems of coordination failure in organizations, we examine how overcoming coordination failure and maintaining
coordination depend on the ability of individuals to observe others’ choices. Subjects’ payoffs depend on coordinating at
high effort levels in a weak-link game. Treatments vary along two dimensions. First, subjects either start with low financial
incentives for coordination, which typically leads to coordination failure, and then are switched to higher incentives or
start with high incentives, which usually yield effective coordination, and are switched to low incentives. Second, as the
key treatment variable, subjects either observe the effort levels chosen by all individuals in their experimental group (full
feedback) or observe only the minimum effort (limited feedback). We find three primary results: (1) When starting from coordination
failure the use of full feedback improves subjects’ ability to overcome coordination failure, (2) When starting with good
coordination the use of full feedback has no effect on subjects’ ability to avoid slipping into coordination failure, and
(3) History-dependence, defined as dependence of current effort levels on past incentives, is strengthened by the use of full
feedback.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at
.
JEL Classification C92, D23, J31, L23, M52 相似文献
209.
Most international trade models fail to account for the fact that almost all goods must pass through the distribution sector. The authors compare different approaches to modeling distribution within an Applied General Equilibrium framework and find that such modeling may significantly affect trade opening simulations. They also predict large potential gains from streamlining distribution. For instance, a 10% reduction in Japan's final goods distribution margins would benefit it as much as worldwide free trade would. They also find that, compared to trade opening, reducing margins leads to smaller inter‐sectoral production shifts and thus may engender less political opposition. 相似文献
210.
Jointness in production and farmers' willingness to supply non-marketed ecosystem services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper highlights how farmers' willingness to supply non-marketed ecosystem services (ES) is influenced by whether or not the non-marketed ES are produced jointly with agricultural products. When marketed products and non-marketed ES share some production inputs the production relationships between the two may be complementary, competitive or substitutive. Using a cost minimization framework, it is shown how complementary relationships lead to costless voluntary provision of non-marketed ES (typically the case for ES that are supportive of provisioning ES for marketed farm products). It is also shown how competitive production relationships lead to provision of non-marketed ES at lower cost than when non-marketed ES are direct substitutes for farm products or are produced outside of agriculture. The paper closes by showing how the minimum willingness to accept (WTA) payment for ES that are complementary/competitive is less than or equal to the minimum WTA for the same ES produced in substitute or independent production relationships. 相似文献