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51.
Alternative land management practices, including agroforestry, help to maintain levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and can facilitate soil carbon (C) sequestration for mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. This study quantified C inputs and determined the changes of the soil C pool in a 19-year-old Gliricidia sepium alley cropping system, studied at two fertiliser levels (tree prunings only [? N], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+ N]), and was compared to a sole crop system. Carbon input from tree prunings ranged from 455 to 457 g C m? 2 y? 1, whereas C inputs from crop residues were similar between alley- and sole crops ranging from 121 to 159 g C m? 2y? 1. The soil organic C (SOC) pool in the alley crop was 16–23% higher than the sole crop. In the 19th year of alley farming, SOC was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the alley crop (3.2%) compared to the sole crop (2.4%), and was also greater compared to that at the time of establishment of the agroforestry system (2.8%). Gross SOC turnover to a 20-cm depth ranged from 12 to 14 years in the + N and ?N alley crops compared to 49 and 50 years in the + N and ?N treatments for the sole crops. Residue stabilisation efficiency in the alley crops was 39% and 55% in + N and ?N treatments respectively. 相似文献
52.
Donald G. Schoffstall Eric A. Brown Susan W. Arendt 《Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism》2017,17(3):189-207
Preparing qualified graduates for the tourism and hospitality industry who will stay and achieve promotional success is paramount. The objectives of this research project were to determine promotional advancement expectations and strategies to improve promotional opportunities. Two separate questionnaires, with both open and close-ended questions, were sent to upper classmen/women in hospitality and tourism programs and alumni of the same programs. In total, 717 (409 students and 308 alumni) completed the questionnaires. Chi-square tests were run to determine differences between student and alumni responses. To assist in analysis of open-ended responses, Atlas.ti was used. There was a statistically significant difference between students and alumni responses in regards to promotional expectations; students expected it to take a significantly longer time to receive a promotion to supervisor or manager than alumni. Overall, students and alumni indicated strategies such as more real-world-focused courses with hands-on experiences. 相似文献
53.
Donald G. Freeman 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2012,39(2):267-284
This paper conducts stationarity tests for levels and ratios of national and regional unemployment rates by race and ethnicity. Results indicate that both unemployment rates and ratios for the total population and for subgroups by race, ethnicity and region are stationary around changing means. The black/white unemployment ratio has increased on average and the Hispanic/white unemployment ratio has decreased on average. Results are compared across regions of the US. 相似文献
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John U. Farley Scott Hoenig Donald R. Lehmann Hoang Thuy Nguyen 《Journal of Global Marketing》2013,26(3):179-190
ABSTRACT This article explores the use of marketing metrics by a sample of Vietnamese firms, providing an example of the use of marketing metrics in a “transition” economy as it grows and becomes more market and marketing driven. The analysis reports usage frequency and then develops a set of “correlation chains” linking firm characteristics, metric use, and various indicators of performance. Vietnamese managers generally report that several types of metrics are used. Ownership structure and industry also impact which metrics are utilized. An initial assessment of chains relating metric use to firm performance indicates that the impact is complex and indirect. 相似文献
58.
Donald Kohn 《Business Economics》2013,48(2):104-107
The extraordinary circumstances of the past few years have led to extraordinary responses by the Federal Reserve and other central banks. These ventures into uncharted waters have heightened political scrutiny to the point of raising concern about future independence. In discussing independence of the Federal Reserve, it is important to separate its regulatory and supervisory functions from its monetary policy function. It is the latter in which the question of independence is most important. History indicates that independent monetary policy has been a powerful deterrent to inflation. This paper outlines the threats to Federal Reserve independence, particularly as it exists from the unconventional policies that it pursued to mitigate the financial crisis. Economists have an important role in making the case that monetary policy remains independent. 相似文献
59.
John Hulland Gergana Y. Nenkov Donald W. Barclay 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2012,40(3):450-467
There is a compelling need to improve the relationship between managers in marketing and sales departments. This paper argues
that one critical way of enhancing individual managers’ perceptions of relationship effectiveness between these departments
is to view the issue as a matter of justice and suggests that perceived marketing–sales relationship effectiveness is positively
influenced by managers’ perceptions of organizational justice. Furthermore, it proposes that interfunctional communication
has the potential to enhance the proposed positive effects of justice and hence needs to be considered and effectively managed
when looking at marketing–sales relationship effectiveness. Data drawn from a survey of 203 marketing and sales managers in
38 consumer packaged goods companies are used to empirically test these predictions. The authors find that perceived sales–marketing
relationship effectiveness is influenced by perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice. Greater interfunctional
communication is found to further enhance the positive effects of distributive and procedural justice on perceived relationship
effectiveness, but it does not contribute to the already strong positive effects of interactional justice. Furthermore, results
reveal important differences in the effects of justice on perceived relationship effectiveness across the marketing and sales
departments. 相似文献
60.
A wealth of research indicates that both executive characteristics and incentive compensation affect organizational outcomes, but the literatures within these two domains have followed distinct, separate paths. Our paper provides a framework for integrating these two perspectives. We introduce a new model that specifies how executive characteristics and incentives operate in tandem to influence strategic decisions and firm performance. We then illustrate our model by portraying how executive characteristics interact with a specific type of pay instrument—stock options—to affect executive behaviors and organizational outcomes. Focusing on three individual‐level attributes (executive motives and drives, cognitive frame, and self‐confidence), we develop propositions detailing how executives will vary in their risk‐taking behaviors in response to stock options. We further argue that stock options will amplify the implications of executive ability, such that option‐heavy incentive schemes will increase the performance of talented executives but worsen the performance of low‐ability executives. Our framework and propositions are meant to provide a starting point for future theorizing and empirical testing of the interactive effects of executive characteristics and incentive compensation on strategic decisions and organizational performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献