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281.
Growth in overall life expectancy is straining the Social Security budget, and the gap in life expectancy between the rich and poor is widening. Motivated by these facts, this paper does four things. First, we develop a simple way to summarize the degree of progressivity in a Social Security system. Second, we show that growth in the life expectancy gap over the last few decades unwinds three-quarters of the progressivity of the Social Security system. Third, we develop simple reforms to Social Security that maintain the progressivity of the system and restore fiscal solvency. Fourth, we estimate the welfare effects of these potential reforms. 相似文献
282.
Review of World Economics - This paper models the competition for a domestic market between one domestic and one foreign firm as a pricing game under incomplete cost information. As the foreign... 相似文献
283.
Several studies that have investigated a few stocks have found that the spacing between consecutive financial transactions
(referred to as trade duration) tend to exhibit long-range dependence, heavy tailedness, and clustering. In this study, we
empirically investigate whether a larger sample of stocks exhibit those characteristics. We do so by comparing goodness of
fit in modeling trade duration data for stable distribution and fractional stable noise based on a procedure applying bootstrap
methods developed by the authors with several alternative distributional assumptions in modeling trade duration data. The
empirical results suggest that the autoregressive conditional duration model with stable distribution fits better than other
combinations, while fractional stable noise itself fits better for the time series of trade duration. Our result is consistent
with the general findings in the literature that trade duration is informative and that short trade durations move prices
more than long trade duration. In addition, our result confirms the advantage of fractal models in the study of roughness
in trade duration and provides some evidence for duration dependence.
S. Rachev’s research was supported by grants from the Division of Mathematical, Life and Physical Science, College of Letters
and Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. W. Sun’s research was supported
by grants from the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. P.S. Kalev’s research was supported with a NCG grant from the Faculty
of Business and Economics, Monash University. Data are supplied by Securities Industry Research Center of Asia-Pacific (SIRCA)
on behalf of Reuters. The first draft of this paper was presented at the International Conference on High Frequency Finance
2006; the authors would like to thank the conference participants for their valuable comments. 相似文献
284.
Étienne St-Jean Maripier Tremblay Frank Janssen Jacques Baronet Christophe Loué Aziz Nafa 《The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal》2017,13(1):97-111
Networks are recognized as a central component of the entrepreneurial process, in particular with regard to opportunity identification and exploitation. In this study, we specifically analyze the role of mentors who are in business as opportunity brokers and enablers among university students with entrepreneurial intentions. Our investigation on 1022 students from 13 French-language universities based in Canada, France, Belgium and Algeria indicates that mentors in business, contrary to other mentors, support opportunity identification and exploitation among university students. Although student gender, entrepreneurial experience and education have a more pronounced effect, mentoring is the only element that can be controlled for through the creation of formal support programs. These results call on public authorities, and universities in particular, to implement formal mentoring programs to support students who are interested in starting their own business, and who would not otherwise have access to business mentors in their environment. 相似文献
285.
We examine the effects of liquidity, default and personal taxes on the relative yields of Treasuries and municipals using a generalized model with liquidity risk. The municipal yield model includes liquidity as a state factor. Using a unique transaction dataset, we estimate the liquidity risk of municipals and its effect on bond yields. Empirical evidence shows that municipal bond yields are strongly affected by all three factors. The effects of default and liquidity risk on municipal yields increase with maturity and credit risk. Liquidity premium accounts for about 9–13% of municipal yields for AAA bonds, 9–15% for AA/A bonds and 8–19% for BBB bonds. A substantial portion of the maturity spread between long- and short-maturity municipal bonds is attributed to the liquidity premium. Ignoring the liquidity risk effect thus results in a severe underestimation of municipal bond yields. Conditional on the effects of default and liquidity risk, we obtain implicit tax rates very close to the statutory tax rates of high-income individuals and institutional investors. Furthermore, these implicit income tax rates are quite stable across bonds of different maturities. Results show that including liquidity risk in the municipal bond pricing model helps explain the muni puzzle. 相似文献
286.
Decline of Controlled Foreign Company Rules and Rise of Intellectual Property Boxes: How the European Court of Justice Affects Tax Competition and Economic Distortions in Europe 下载免费PDF全文
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has become an influential player in the field of direct taxation in the European Union (EU) in the past 20 years. However, it is unclear whether or not the ECJ's decisions and the corresponding reactions by the member states actually contribute to tax neutrality in economic terms and, therefore, to the achievement of the internal market. In 2006, the ECJ limited the applicability of specific tax rules in the EU that are intended to prohibit the excessive use of low‐tax countries by multinationals. Our counterfactual analysis shows that the court's restriction of so‐called controlled foreign company rules and the related second‐round reactions by some member states – i.e. the introduction of low‐tax regimes for income from acquired intellectual properties (IP boxes for acquired IP) – cast doubt on the seemingly positive effects the ECJ has on reducing tax distortions. In addition, we demonstrate that the restricted applicability of IP boxes as endorsed by the OECD and the European Commission would strengthen tax neutrality in Europe. 相似文献
287.
Sebastian?HerrmannEmail author Johannes?Muhle-Karbe Frank?Thomas?Seifried 《Finance and Stochastics》2017,21(1):1-64
We study the pricing and hedging of derivative securities with uncertainty about the volatility of the underlying asset. Rather than taking all models from a prespecified class equally seriously, we penalise less plausible ones based on their “distance” to a reference local volatility model. In the limit for small uncertainty aversion, this leads to explicit formulas for prices and hedging strategies in terms of the security’s cash gamma. 相似文献
288.
SCREENING FOR A CHRONIC DISEASE: A MULTIPLE STAGE DURATION MODEL WITH PARTIAL OBSERVABILITY 下载免费PDF全文
Thomas A. Mroz Gabriel Picone Frank Sloan Arseniy P. Yashkin 《International Economic Review》2016,57(3):915-934
We estimate a dynamic multistage duration model to investigate how early detection of diabetes can delay the onset of lower extremity complications and death. We allow for partial observability of the disease stage, unmeasured heterogeneity, and endogenous timing of diabetes screening. Timely diagnosis appears important. We evaluate the effectiveness of two potential policies to reduce the monetary costs of frequent screening in terms of lost longevity. Compared to the status quo, the more restrictive policy yields an implicit value for an additional year of life of about $50,000, whereas the less restrictive policy implies a value of about $120,000. 相似文献
289.
María dela O. González Nicolas A. Papageorgiou Frank S. Skinner 《European Financial Management》2016,22(4):613-639
We examine whether performance persistence is suspicious. Top quintile portfolios formed on the Sharpe ratio, alpha, and information ratio persistently outperform similarly constructed mediocre third quintile portfolios throughout our sample period, but performance is more modest and less persistent when portfolios are formed on the excess manipulation‐proof performance measure (EMPPM). By selecting funds formed on ranking by Sharpe and information ratios, investors also select funds that have persistently doubtful performance according to the doubt ratio. In contrast, portfolios formed on alphas and especially the EMPPM have much less excess and persistent doubt. 相似文献
290.
Frank van Berkum Katrien Antonio Michel Vellekoop 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2016,2016(7):581-603
Most mortality models proposed in recent literature rely on the standard ARIMA framework (in particular: a random walk with drift) to project mortality rates. As a result the projections are highly sensitive to the calibration period. We therefore analyse the impact of allowing for multiple structural changes on a large collection of mortality models. We find that this may lead to more robust projections for the period effect but that there is only a limited effect on the ranking of the models based on backtesting criteria, since there is often not yet sufficient statistical evidence for structural changes. However, there are cases for which we do find improvements in estimates and we therefore conclude that one should not exclude on beforehand that structural changes may have occurred. 相似文献