Der Zinssatz und Kapitalverschiebungen nach Entwicklungsländern

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Angebots- und Nachfragefunktionen für einige Fleischsorten in Österreich

Ohne ZusammenfassungAusgearbeitete Fassung von Teilen eines Vortrages, gehalten am 7. Juni 1957 in der Nationalökonomischen Gesellschaft in Wien.Die Mittel für die im Rahmen einer Gastprofessur an der Universität Wien während des Studienjahres 1956/57 durchgeführten ökonometrischen Untersuchungen wurden von der Ford Foundation, New York City, zur Verfügung gestellt.Der Autor ist seinem damaligen Assistenten, Herrn Franz Glinsner, für die Durchführung der Rechenarbeiten, ferner den Herren Dr. Franz Nemschak, Dr. Lothar Bosse und Frau Grete Kohlhauser vom Österreichischen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung in Wien im Zusammenhang mit der Berechnung der Einkommenselastizitäten auf Grund der Österreichischen Konsum-Erhebung zu großem Dank verpflichtet.     

Rezensionen

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Stabilitätskonzepte am Beispiel Österreichs

Summary This paper examines two aspects of equilibrium — and stability concepts, which go beyond the traditional analyses. Firstly the speed by which a systems returns to the equilibrium position after an initial disturbance and, secondly, the introduction of stochastic elements in the analysis of stability. Both aspects are presented against the background of a simple model of the Austrian economy.It is known that a system of difference equations is stable if the greatest sigenvalue is smaller than one. In trying to estimate confidence intervals it can be shown that an evaluation according to deterministic criteria alone can indeed be misleading, even though the probability of an instable solution is small in the model under examiniation.The speed, by which a system returns to the equilibrium position after an initial disturbance, is measured by the half-life-period. This is the time it takes for the effects of the initial disturbance to be reduced to half their original values. In the model under examination the half-line amounts to one year (real solution) or two years (complex solution) respectively. If we take the stochastic nature of the eigenvalues into consideration, we get, for the 95% level of significance, figures of 3 months to 6 years in the real case. The large spread results from the fact that the half-life-concept is very sensitive even towards minor changes in the eigenvalues.This paper shows that the conventional methods of estimation of coefficients in stability-analyses are not sufficiently accurate.     

Hierarchical Models for the Analysis of Likert Scales in Regression and Item Response Analysis

Appropriate modelling of Likert‐type items should account for the scale level and the specific role of the neutral middle category, which is present in most Likert‐type items that are in common use. Powerful hierarchical models that account for both aspects are proposed. To avoid biased estimates, the models separate the neutral category when modelling the effects of explanatory variables on the outcome. The main model that is propagated uses binary response models as building blocks in a hierarchical way. It has the advantage that it can be easily extended to include response style effects and non‐linear smooth effects of explanatory variables. By simple transformation of the data, available software for binary response variables can be used to fit the model. The proposed hierarchical model can be used to investigate the effects of covariates on single Likert‐type items and also for the analysis of a combination of items. For both cases, estimation tools are provided. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by applying the methodology to a large data set.