美国县级总体规划文本框架要素界定和组织结构的启示

通过对比我国县级土地利用总体规划和美国加州县级总体规划文本框架要素的界定情况及组织结构,分析目前我国县级土地利用总体规划文本框架要素及其组织存在的问题。目前我国县级土地利用总体规划的文本框架在目标、原则、政策、标准、建议和实施措施的设定都存在一定的宏观性和概括性,难以体现地方的实际特点。最后就如何改进我国规划文本编制进行讨论,规划文本的科学性和微观性取决于规划编制过程中不同部门之间的衔接和合理组织,因此要实现规划文本的明晰表达首先要在规划的组织和协调方面进行改革。     

Can farmers extend their cultivation areas in urban agriculture? A contribution from agronomic analysis of market gardening systems around Mahajanga (Madagascar)

The rapid urbanization in developing countries implies an increasing pressure on urban agriculture for production. As most perishable food products come from this agriculture in close proximity to population concentrations, we analysed from an agronomic point of view how market-garden farmers can meet this increasing urban demand. This work took place in the case of Mahajanga, a secondary city with high increasing demographic rate on the Northwest coast of Madagascar. Based on preliminary surveys to characterize the farming systems (on a sample of 91 farms), 11 market-garden farmers chosen in the three main agricultural zones of the urban area were surveyed during two years. Surveys aimed at understanding their decision rules in crop choices, crop allocation to land and resource management, and to estimate their room for manoeuvre to increase their leafy vegetable areas under cultivation. The wholesalers and retailers who buy the farmers’ produce were also surveyed. A previous model of decision rules regarding crop location on farm territory was used to analyse the on-farm surveys and cartographic methods (GIS and on-farm manual representations) were used to quantify the land use. We highlight the following major points. (1) The leafy vegetable production in the surveyed farms already intensively uses land: farmers have complex decision rules largely depending on the water dynamics in the two main environments (lowlands and lakesides) where leafy vegetables are cultivated during the dry season. (2) The scarcity of farmers’ resources (labour money and water) leads to very little internal room for manoeuvre to increase the leafy vegetable production in the farms. (3) At territorial level however, some land reserve exist in one of the lowlands, but not on lakesides. The water availability for agriculture must be better informed through specialized hydrologic studies, as one of the main constraints nowadays to extend the agricultural area. An extrapolation to other cases of urban agriculture is then discussed as well as the role of agronomy to help urban planners to consider the place of agriculture in the urban development.     

The Evolution of Health Insurer Costs in Massachusetts, 2010–2012

We analyze the evolution of health insurer costs in Massachusetts between 2010 and 2012, paying particular attention to changes in the composition of enrollees. This was a period in which Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) increasingly used physician cost control incentives but Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) did not. We show that cost growth and its components cannot be understood without accounting for (1) consumers’ switching between plans, and (2) differences in cost characteristics between new entrants and those leaving the market. New entrants are markedly less costly than those leaving (and their costs fall after their entering year), so cost growth of continuing enrollees in a plan is significantly higher than average per-member cost growth. Relatively high-cost HMO members switch to PPOs while low-cost PPO members switch to HMOs, so the impact of cost control incentives on HMO costs is likely different from their impact on market-wide insurer costs.     

国际投资协定透明度要求变化及其启示 ——以美国实践为考察对象

以美国BIT为代表的国际投资协定在透明度条款以及其他条款涉及透明度的规定中通过加强公众参与程度显著提升了透明度要求。这一变化是投资仲裁实践、国内贸易立法以及市民社会诉求合力作用的结果。透明度要求的提高一方面凸显了专业性社会组织对国际投资立法与实践的影响,另一方面则反映了美国借此维护本国利益的实质。对此,中国在对外投资协定的签署与实践中需要审慎对待透明度要求,同时加强本国专业性社会组织的培育和发展。     

市场竞争加强背景下农业保险公司的双重经营困境

我国农业保险市场在规模快速发展的同时,竞争也不断加强.由于农业保险的政策属性和特殊业务性质,市场竞争加强可能会影响保险公司的运行成本及赔付支出,从而对其产生经营压力.本文采用全国31 个省、直辖市、自治区2010～2018 年的面板数据,利用随机效应模型检验了市场竞争等因素对农业保险公司经营成本的影响.研究发现:市场竞...     

从经济区域比较看东北经济的振兴

东北经济的振兴恰逢中国的工业化进入重化工业发展的新阶段,东北经济的最大优势就是重化工业的物质基础和人力资本基础,重化工业化对东北经济的振兴是千载难逢,而且一旦失去就不会再来的重大机遇。从区域经济一体化的角度,审视东北经济的比较优势,并进行相应的产业整合,就成为东北经济振兴的必由之路。     

城市景观形象与旅游功能的整合——以芜湖市为例

对芜湖城市景观形象的现状特征进行了分析,并以城市中主要的景观如公园、广场、步行街、长江大桥等为例,探讨该市景观形象方面的利弊,分析了景观形象应如何与旅游功能相互整合,试图为芜湖及各城市的景观形象建设提供参考.     

西方社会土地产权的构成、演化与启示

西方社会将土地产权分为权能和客体两方面,并进行科学精准地界定、重组,以实现土地产权在政府管理层面与个人使用层面的均衡分配。人工不透水层作为承载社会经济发展用地类型的覆被类型,随着西方社会生态保护意识的增强而处于规划和管制当中,具体反映在土地产权主体占有地块内的建筑密度、容积率等控制指标。而土地用途分类和土地覆被分类作为土地产权的实体化反映,则构成以经济价值为维度的土地发展权的尺度性特征,实现了政府宏观管理与个体微观利用的兼容性。对我国土地产权管理的建议：土地管理应由强调土地所有制向构建土地利用管制制度转变;科学界定土地产权,转变政府职能,推动我国土地管理向民生化、微观化、精准化方向发展。     

城市化过程中的土地增值研究——以长春市为例

采用理论与实证相结合的研究方法,分析城市化过程中土地增值的规律、特点、机理以及与城市空间发展的互动机制.研究结果表明:(1)城市化过程中土地增值表现出一定的客观规律性,且具有整体、独立、辐射、共存和不可逆转等特点;(2)城市土地增值主要有投资、用途转变、供求拉动、政策法规引导等形成机制;(3)城市土地增值与城市空间发展...     

全日制专业学位研究生实践性教学体系的构建

实践性教学是全日制专业学位研究生培养的重要环节,是确保高层次应用型人才培养质量的重要保证。本文以研究生知识结构、能力要求、素质要求协调发展为主线,构建了双导师制下,以目标为核心、内容为重点、条件为保障、管理为手段的全日制专业学位研究生实践性教学体系,为保证专业学位教育质量提供了理论基础。