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101.
Jean Calais-Auloy 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1985,8(1):53-67
The French Reform Commission (Commission de refonte du droit de la consommation) which is headed by the author has made a set of proposals to the French government in order to improve and adapt French consumer law to modern protective standards and to EEC legislation. One of them, on consumer safety, has already been enacted.The author informs about certain proposals which might interest the foreign reader. They concern consumer information, the quality of goods and services, safety as far as compensation by means of product liability rules is concerned, unfair contract terms, and access to justice.
Jean Calais-Auloy is Professor of Law at the University of Montpellier, Faculté de Droit, F-43000 Montpellier, France. 相似文献
Neue Gesetze zur Verbesserung des Verbraucherschutzes — Vorschläge der französischen Reformkommission
Zusammenfassung Die französische Reformkommission zum Verbraucherschutzrecht, deren Vorsitzende der Autor ist, hat umfangreiche Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des französischen Verbraucherschutzrechts erarbeitet, die einen Anschluß an moderne Schutzstandards under Berücksichtigung der EWG-Diskussion ermöglichen. Im Bereich der Regelung der Produktsicherheit sind die Vorschläge der Kommission zum großen Teil vom Gesetzgeber übernommen worden.Der Autor berichtet über zentrale Punkte der Vorschläge der Kommission: Für den Bereich der Verbraucherinformation wird die Verankerung einer allgemeinen Informationspflicht vorgeschlagen. Qualitätsregeln sollen insbesondere durch Erweiterung der gesetzlichen Verkäuferhaftung nach dem französischen Zivilrecht erfolgen. Flankierend zur Sicherheitsregelung ist die Produkthaftpflicht auf eine Gefährdungshaftung umzustellen. Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen sollen auf Mißbrauch nicht durch eine Behörde, sondern durch Verbandsklagen kontrolliert werden. Der Zugang zum Recht ist durch ein vereinfachendes Klageverfahren und durch Gruppenklagen zu verbessern.
Jean Calais-Auloy is Professor of Law at the University of Montpellier, Faculté de Droit, F-43000 Montpellier, France. 相似文献
102.
State Medicaid home- and community-based waiver programs for persons with AIDS (PWAs) were implemented with the expectation that PWAs would use these services in lieu of more expensive hospital-based care. If so, Medicaid spending per PWA should decline, and program costs fall. We analyze Florida Medicaid claims data for PWAs from December 1995 through December 1997 to determine how participation in the waiver program affects the use of inpatient services, the receipt of antiretroviral combination therapies (available to Medicaid recipients throughout the study period), monthly expenditures, and survival of PWAs. We find that waiver participants are more likely to receive combination therapies but less likely to use hospital-based care than nonparticipants; white men and sicker patients are more likely to join the waiver program than other eligible PWAs; monthly expenditures for waiver participants are 52% lower than for nonparticipants; and waiver participation does not affect survival. 相似文献
103.
104.
Jean Lemaire 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2005,72(3):359-374
The United States remains far behind most other affluent countries in terms of life expectancy. One of the possible causes of this life expectancy gap is the widespread availability of firearms and the resulting high number of U.S. firearm fatalities: 10,801 homicides in 2000. The European Union experienced 1,260 homicides, Japan only 22. Using multiple decrement techniques, I show that firearm violence shortens the life of an average American by 104 days (151 days for white males, 362 days for black males). Among all fatal injuries, only motor vehicle accidents have a stronger effect. I estimate that the elimination of all firearm deaths in the United States would increase the male life expectancy more than the total eradication of all colon and prostate cancers. My results suggest that the insurance premium increases paid by Americans as a result of firearm violence are probably of the same order of magnitude as the total medical costs due to gunshots or the increased cost of administering the criminal justice system due to gun crime. 相似文献
105.
106.
Raymond Nam Cam Trau Charmine Emma Jean Härtel 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2007,19(3):207-219
With the current political environment (such as new legislation recognising gay and lesbian couples) and societal changes
(such as increasing disclosure of sexual identity in the workplace) in countries such as the USA and Australia, organizations
are increasingly recognising the existence of their gay and lesbian employees. This paper reports on an on-line survey of
581 working gay men, examining their quality of work life and career attitudes. The findings of the research provide a strong
indication that contextual factors affect the quality of work life and work attitudes of gay men. 相似文献
107.
This paper examines the permanent and transitory effects of changes in wealth, the top federal marginal income tax rate, and capital gains tax rate on the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). This paper establishes the importance of wealth in determining the distribution of AGI, and results here suggest that its effects can negate the permanent effect of a change in both tax rates. Of the two tax rates, the capital gains tax rate is the most important for AGI distribution. The marginal income tax rate is notably less important for long run behavior, but does have short run impacts. 相似文献
108.
109.
Food safety and product liability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper focuses on the U.S. product liability system for food poisoning cases and makes six key points. First, current legal incentives to produce safer food are weak, though slightly stronger in outbreak situations and in markets where foodborne illness can be more easily traced to individual firms. Far less than 0.01% of cases are litigated and even fewer are paid compensation. Second, even if potential plaintiffs can overcome the high information and transaction costs necessary to file lawsuits, monetary compensation provides only weak incentives to pursue litigation. Firms paid compensation in 56% of the 294 cases examined in this study and the median compensation was only $2,000 before legal fees. Third, indirect incentives for firms may be important and deserve more research. For example, firms may be influenced by costly settlements and decisions against other firms in the same industry. Fourth, confidential settlements, health insurance, and product liability insurance distort legal incentives to produce safer food. Fifth, the ambiguity about whether microbial contamination is “natural” or an “adulterant” hinders the legal system from effectively dealing with food safety issues. Sixth, a brief comparison of the incentives from U.S. and English legal systems suggests that more research is needed to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and relative impact of each country's legal system on the incentives to produce safer food. 相似文献
110.
Laetitia Lepetit Frank Strobel David G. Dickinson 《Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money》2012,22(2):264-277
Using a stylized real options model, we show that discretion over the timing of charging off a non-performing loan could be economically justified when collateral values are uncertain and there is a chance of loan recovery. The implied hypothesis of an “uncertainty dependence” aspect in loan charge-offs is empirically tested and validated using a panel of European banks. A welfare-maximizing regulator might want to let banks pursue such discretionary loan charge-off behavior, with the problem of distinguishing it from alternative capital management and income smoothing objectives, while transparency-seeking accounting standards setters would presumably not. 相似文献