青岛，爱上你的N个理由

一月,青岛收到了2006年的第一份快乐和喜悦。在全国主流网络媒体新浪网的网络评选中,青岛,以绝对性的优势赢得广大网民心目中的“2005年度中国最具风情城市”。非官方的评比,没有专家团参与论证,甚至,没有严格的评选标准明细…… 100多万网民投票评选,足以证明它的分量。不靠宣传、不靠造势、不靠吹捧,一个城市用它的魅力感染着越来越多的人。不能不说这是一个城市最好的成绩单。青岛,有着让人们深深爱恋的N个理由。     

Managerial Equity Ownership and the Demand for Outside Directors

This paper examines the linkage between the use of outside directors and managerial ownership. We conjecture there are two linkages: the standard incentive‐alignment demand for monitoring when managers own little stock and an entrenchment‐amelioration demand when managerial stock ownership is high. As a consequence, we predict the association between managerial ownership and board composition will be nonlinear (U‐shaped if the entrenchment effect is sufficiently pronounced). Using UK data, we find that both quadratic and logarithmic models outperform the simple linear relationship assumed in prior research and that the substitution between managerial ownership and board composition is stronger than hitherto supposed.     

Hard Times or Great Expectations? Dividend Omissions and Dividend Cuts by UK Firms*

This paper uncovers an increasing proportion of quoted UK companies omitting cash dividends. Using a large panel of quoted UK firms, we estimate panel data probit models for the incidence of dividend omissions and cuts as functions of financial characteristics including cash flow, leverage, investment opportunities, investment and company size. These variables account for most of the increase in omission since 1995. There is relatively little evidence to link this to the major tax reform of 1997 that abolished tax refunds on dividend income payable to tax‐exempt institutions. Significant persistence effects indicate companies are slow to adjust their balance sheets through their dividend.     

房地产业中政府与开发商的博弈分析

房地产业中政府与房地产开发商之间的关系既是行业主体关注的重点,也是国家如何加快房地产业发展步伐的核心问题。近年来,国内外专家研究房地产行业开发商与政府的行为的很多,但大多仅停留在对现象的描述,不够全面。本文以博弈论及信息经济学理论为依据,分析了房地产业开发商与政府的利益博弈,建立了存在政府监管情况下开发商行为选择的“监管博弈”模型,并且求解出纳什均衡解。在此基础上,给出了应对房地产市场各种情况的治理对策,以实现加快城市建设步伐、保证社会经济的协调、健康和长远发展。     

适应金融市场环境 提升风险管理能力

进入新的五年计划时期，中国金融市场化环境已经并将继续发生新的深刻变化，包括利率和汇率市场化的进程不断加快，在此形势下，政府、银行和企业都面临一个更好地转变外部宏观金融市场环境，深入培育市场，更好地适应利率市场化和人民币汇率市场化的任务，只要积极主动应对，构建明晰的金融风险管理框架、提升风险计量与管理技术、方法、手段、工具，有效管理利率汇率风险，才能促进商业银行和全社会整体资金效益的提高和企业的可持续发展。     

Technical innovation and 3.5 mobile phone generation: Lessons from Korea

In 1996, the Korean mobile communication market was the first in the world to commercialize the code division multiple access (CDMA). Since then, the voice-based mobile phone market has continued to grow and has now reached near saturation. Having recognized the potential of the mobile data service as a new source of profit, telecommunication operators are scrambling to evolve 3.5 generation (3.5G) technology in order to lead market competition. Recently, the Korean 3.5G mobile telecom market has faced stiff competition from CDMA-based EVDO Rev.A and global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM)-based high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). In addition, the world's first wireless LAN-based wireless broadband internet (WiBro) service was commercialized in June, 2006. This paper reviews the current status of the 3.5G technology and analyzes the service standardization strategies from the viewpoint of technological evolutions. This paper also suggests implications for Korea's specific circumstances where different mobile telecom technologies complement and compete with one another. Korea's experiences may serve as important lessons for other countries or operators who try to introduce the 3G and look beyond mobile telecom technologies.     

试论毛泽东对中国土地问题法制化进程的贡献

土地革命是中国民主革命的基本内容，毛泽东在领导中国新民主主义革命运动中，一直较关注中国农民土地问题的彻底解决，并建立健全了一系列有关土地问题的法律制度，它对今天的土地立法和发展农村经济，建设有中国特色的社会主义土地法律制度有指导意义。     

在做大商业品牌中正确处理六个关系

本文分析了入世后,上海企业家在做大商业品牌中,应正确处理好的六个关系,以及有关的述评。     

Pricing continuously sampled Asian options with perturbation method

This article explores the price of continuously sampled Asian options. For geometric Asian options, we present pricing formulas for both backward‐starting and forward‐starting cases. For arithmetic Asian options, we demonstrate that the governing partial differential equation (PDE) cannot be transformed into a heat equation with constant coefficients; therefore, these options do not have a closed‐form solution of the Black–Scholes type, that is, the solution is not given in terms of the cumulative normal distribution function. We then solve the PDE with a perturbation method and obtain an analytical solution in a series form. Numerical results show that as compared with Zhang's ( 2001 ) highly accurate numerical results, the series converges very quickly and gives a good approximate value that is more accurate than any other approximate method in the literature, at least for the options tested in this article. Graphical results determine that the solution converges globally very quickly especially near the origin, which is the area in which most of the traded Asian options fall. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:535–560, 2003     

现代信用风险度量模型与我国商业银行信用风险管理

一、商业银行信用风险管理的主要模型和方法商业银行传统的信用风险度量方法有信贷决策的“6C”法和信用评分方法等。“6C”法是指由有关专家根据借款人的品德(character)(借款人的作风、观念以及责任心等,借款人过去的还款记录是银行判断借款人品德的主要依据);能力(capacity)