The entry to self-employment of redundant steelworkers

The British Steel Corporation's ‘slimline’ plan of 1980 halved the workforce at the Port Talbot plant in South Wales. This article reports the findings of a three stage sample survey from 1981 to 1982 of the work experiences of those who became self-employed following redundancy.     

Technical professionals,technical managers and the integration of vocational consciousness

This article reports on a study of technical professionals and technical managers in research and development laboratories. The basic premise which derives from John Holland's theory of vocational choice is that stable personality characteristics are associated with the different groups, and that these stable differences create an adaptive differentiation between the two groups. It is further suggested that this system of differentiated persons and occupational roles results in a partial key to the dilemma of autonomy versus control in organizations.     

The effectiveness of a devaluation with money as a producers’ good

Zusammenfassung Die Wirksamkeit einer Abwertung unter dem Aspekt, da\ Geld als Produktionsmittel behandelt wird. — Diese Arbeit berücksichtigt bei der Anpassung der Zahlungsbilanz das Geld als Produktionsmittel. Es zeigt sich, da\ diese Funktion die Wirksamkeit der Zahlungsbilanzanpassung vermindert und — wenn sie hinreichend bedeutend ist — sogar zu Defiziten führen kann. Externe Stabilit?tsbedingungen werden für den Fall geprüft, da\ Inl?nder Devisen halten, die ebenfalls als Input dienen k?nnen. Schlie\lich werden in dem Modell vor der Abwertung Defizite und überschüsse zugelassen mit dem Ergebnis, da\ die Bedin-gungen für eine Reduktion der Wirksamkeit noch komplizierter werden, weil die Entwicklung der internationalen Preise ungewi\ ist.

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Résumé L’efficacité d’une dépréciation du taux de change si l’argent est bien de production. — Cet article incorpore le r?le de l’argent comme bien de production dans l’ajustement de la balance des paiements. Les auteurs démontrent que cette fonction réduit l’efficacité d’ajustement de la balance des paiements et, si la fonction est assez significative, peut mener même aux déficits. Les conditions pour la stabilite externe sont examinées pour le cas où les résidants tiennent des monnaies non-locales qui aussi peuvent servir d’input. Finalement, le modèle permet des déficits et des surplus avant la dévaluation et montre pour cette constellation des conditions plus compliquées pour l’efficacité réduite parce que le mouvement des prix mondiaux est incertain.

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Resumen La efectividad de una devaluatión con dinero como un bien de la productión. — En este artículo se incorpora el rol del dinero como un bien de la productión dentro del ajuste de la balanza de pagos. Se demuestra que esta función reduce la efectividad del ajuste de balanza de pagos y, si es de suficiente magnitud, puede llevar en realidad a déficits. Se examinan condiciones de estabilidad externa cuando residentes mantienen monedas extranjeras, que también pueden servir como factores de entrada. Finalmente se permiten déficits y superávits en el modelo antes de la devaluatión, con el resultado de condiciones más complicadas por efectividad reducida, debido a que los movimientos mundiales de precios son inciertos.

     

Steps in selling effort deployment

Sales deployment decisions are among the most important and most difficult decisions facing sales organizations. Sales- force decision models have been developed as analytical tools for deployment analysis, but model use poses difficult problems for many firms. We propose an operational approach for the strategic analysis of selling effort deployment and provide three examples of how it might be used in deployment analysis.     

Trade Credit, Financial Intermediary Development, and Industry Growth

Recent work suggests that financial development is important for economic growth, since financial markets more effectively allocate capital to firms with high value projects. For firms in poorly developed financial markets, implicit borrowing in the form of trade credit may provide an alternative source of funds. We show that industries with higher dependence on trade credit financing exhibit higher rates of growth in countries with weaker financial institutions. Furthermore, consistent with barriers to trade credit access among young firms, we show that most of the effect that we report comes from growth in the size of preexisting firms.     

Nonparametric Estimation of State-Price Densities Implicit in Financial Asset Prices

Implicit in the prices of traded financial assets are Arrow–Debreu prices or, with continuous states, the state-price density (SPD). We construct a nonparametric estimator for the SPD implicit in option prices and we derive its asymptotic sampling theory. This estimator provides an arbitrage-free method of pricing new, complex, or illiquid securities while capturing those features of the data that are most relevant from an asset-pricing perspective, for example, negative skewness and excess kurtosis for asset returns, and volatility "smiles" for option prices. We perform Monte Carlo experiments and extract the SPD from actual S&P 500 option prices.     

The influence of management perception of environmental variables on the choice of international transfer-pricing methods

In this paper, we provide an empirical study of the association between the management's perception of the importance of environmental variables and their choice of international transfer-pricing methods in the context of a developing economy. Given the sizable investment flowing to developing countries and the amount of economic exchange that occurs through foreign investment in these countries, we believe this is a significant issue. For this study, we collected the data from field interviews with the management of large foreign investment enterprises (FIEs) in China. These FIEs include mainly investors from the United States, Japan, and Europe. Our evidence indicates that the more important management perceives the interests of local partners and the maintenance of a good relationship with host government to be, the more likely that the FIE will use a market-based transfer-pricing method. On the other hand, the more important the management perceives foreign exchange controls in transfer-pricing decisions, the more likely the FIE will choose a cost-based method. Finally, there is a moderate agreement between U.S. and non-U.S. FIEs on the relative importance of the environmental variables.