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941.
Summary. In this note we show that if in the standard Rubinstein model both players are allowed to leave the negotiation after a rejection,
in which case they obtain a payoff of zero, then there exist a continuum of subgame-perfect equilibrium outcomes, including
some which involve significant delay. We also fully characterize the case in which, upon quitting, the players can take an
outside option of positive value.
Received: February 27, 1996; revised version: March 28, 1997 相似文献
942.
Pilar Gargallo José María Moreno-Jiménez Manuel Salvador 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2007,16(6):485-506
This paper proposes a Bayesian estimation procedure to determine the priorities of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in
group decision making when there are a large number of actors and a prior consensus among them is not required. Using a hierarchical
Bayesian approach based on mixtures to describe the prior distribution of the priorities in the multiplicative model traditionally
used in the stochastic AHP, this methodology allows us to identify homogeneous groups of actors with different patterns of
behaviour for the rankings of priorities. The proposed procedure consists of a two-step estimation algorithm: the first step
carries out a global exploration of the model space by using birth and death processes, the second concerns a local exploration
by means of Gibbs sampling. The methodology has been illustrated by the analysis of a case study adapted from a real experiment
on e-democracy developed for the City Council of Zaragoza (Spain).
Partially funded under the research project Electronic Government. Internet-based Complex Decision Making: e-democracy and e-cognocracy (Ref. PM2004-052) approved by the Regional Government of Aragon (Spain) as part of the multi-disciplinary projects programme. 相似文献
943.
This article uses data from the 1998 European Community Household Panel to study economic inequality in Spain. It reports
data on the Spanish distributions of income, labor income, and capital income, and on related features of inequality, such
as age, employment status, educational attainment, and marital status. It also reports data on the income mobility of Spanish
households, and data on income inequality in other European countries and in the US. We find that income, earnings, and, especially,
capital income are very unequally distributed in Spain and that economic inequality in Spain is well above the European average. 相似文献
944.
In monetary models where M0 has no social costs and a positive demand for cash and deposits is taken as a primitive, we show
that the compensating variation in endowment is the exact general equilibrium measure of welfare costs of perfectly anticipated
inflation. As a consequence, we show that a good approximation to the welfare costs of inflation is given by the area under
the compensated demand for M0, a result that brings us back to Bailey (J Polit Econ 64:93–110, 1956). The estimated welfare
costs of inflation are bounded at less than a quarter of a percent of the GDP for the U.S. economy.
相似文献
945.
Josef Andrýsek Antonella Bodini Miroslav Kárný Jan Kracík Fabrizio Ruggeri 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2008,17(3):225-236
The complexity of the problems to be addressed in an e-democracy framework and the variety of involved stakeholders, with
different backgrounds, views and access to information sources, lead us to consider the case in which an e-negotiation should
be performed among subjects who have partial, sometimes incompatible, information and can hardly gather to discuss issues
together, under the supervision of a facilitator. We propose a statistical method which addresses the issue of partial and
incompatible information, merging it and then using it to get a final decision, possibly in an automatic way, through processes of e-negotiation and e-arbitration.
相似文献
946.
Vítor Castro 《Economics & Politics》2018,30(1):124-150
This paper analyses how the functional components of public expenditure and spending‐driven consolidations affect the economic growth, unemployment, and income inequality. A dynamic panel data least squares dummy variable estimator estimator is employed over a sample of 15 European Union countries during the period 1990–2012. The empirical results show that real GDP growth decreases when fiscal austerity measures are implemented, especially if they are spending‐driven. Cuts in public expenditure undermine economic growth, namely if they slash spending on public order, recreation, and education. Spending cuts on education, in particular, affect the investment in human capital, harming not only growth but also economic, social, and human development. The unemployment rate also proved to be significantly boosted when austerity measures restrict spending on education, whereas income inequality rises when social protection expenditures are cut. 相似文献
947.
María Isabel Castillo Arredondo María Isabel Rodríguez Zapatero Tomás López-Guzmán 《Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing》2018,35(4):437-448
ABSTRACTLearning a language or improving one’s foreign language skills may be a key motivator for students to decide to participate in an exchange program as well as choose the destination for their studies. Nevertheless, studies on educational tourism are limited, and there is no research on the motivations of students visiting non-English-speaking countries. To fill this gap, this paper aims to examine the motivations of university students in non-English-speaking destinations by using the push-and-pull framework. Primary data were collected through an online survey from 190 and 205 students who participated in mobility programs in a Spanish university and in a German university respectively. Empirical findings reveal that languages are a key motivating factor for either growing personally through cultural enrichment, or growing professionally. Furthermore, these data allow generic recommendations so that the destinations can attract a larger number of international students. 相似文献
948.
949.
Cristián Ducoing Ben Gales Rick Hölsgens María del Mar Rubio-Varas 《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2019,67(1):31-46
The relationship between energy and capital is one of the most important aspects of modern economic growth. Machines need energy to produce all the goods we enjoy; energy would be far less useful for humankind in absence of machines. However, the great majority of the economic models do not take into account the elasticities of substitution (or complementaries) between these two main variables. Actually, energy is absent in many growth models and discussions on diverging economic development paths. We approach this relevant issue from a new perspective: energy and capital relations during 100 years. We use the latest estimations of capital stock (machinery and equipment) and energy consumption for Latin America and compare them with those of Western Europe. The energy–capital ratio (how much energy is used per unit of capital) could be a predictor of economic growth, thus providing stylised facts about the timing and causes of the different modernisation patterns of these regions and showing us some answers on the long-run relationship between energy consumption and capital accumulation. 相似文献
950.